Syntax
Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849
e-ISSN
: 2548-1398
Vol.
6, No. 7, Juli 2021
�
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
INTONTEMBOAN LANGUAGE
Rinny Rorimpandey
Universitas Negeri Manado (UNIMA) Sulawesi Utara, Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The Tontemboan language is one of the regional languages in Minahasa. This language has two dialects namely Makela�I and Matana�i. The purpose of this writing is to describe one side of the morphological process of Tontemboan language, in particular, Makela�I dialect, which is focused on Derivational affixes in Tontemboan language, their arrangement, and combination with other morphemes to form words, and their function. In conducting this research, the writer uses the qualitative method. In collecting data she used several techniques: Observation, interviewing, and analyzing written texts were used to collect and analyze data. The informants are choosing according to certain criteria, they came from the Motoling Barat Region. The result is there are 6 Derivational prefixes, those are: prefix {ma-} {paka -}, {ta -}, {ka -}, {pa -} {maka -},2 Derivational infixes, they are:Infix { � in �}, Infix { � um �}, 1 Derivational suffix { � an }, 4 Derivational Confixes� they are: { ka-an }, {pa-an},{maka � em }, {maka � em }, {um-em}. Derivational affixes change the word class of their base form. It is expected that the result of this writing could be a contribution to the teaching of language, in particular the Tontemboan language.
Keywords: derivational;
affixes; tontemboan
Pendahuluan
Language is the most important thing in
human life and cannot be separated from human life from morning to night.
People cannot convey something to others, cannot communicate if they do not use
language. In all activities throughout the day, language is used as a medium of
interaction. In line with that, there are two definitions of language expressed
by Keraf in (Susanti, 2015),
namely: First, language as a means of communication between community members
in the form of sound symbols produced by human speech tools. Second, are:
Language is a communication system that uses vowel symbols (speech sounds) that
are arbitrary. This is the same as what (Wibowo &
Stockton, 2001) says. Language
is a system of sound symbols that are meaningful and qualified (produced
through vapor) that are arbitrary and conventional, which is used as a
communication tool by a group of people to give birth to feelings and thoughts.
Every country in the world has its
language. For example, the Indonesian nation has a National Language, namely
Indonesian, as the official language of the state, the language of instruction
for education, a means of transportation at the national level, and a means of
developing culture, science, and technology.
In Indonesia, apart from having an
official language, around 718 regional languages or mother tongues are
identified Indonesia. Because there are various kinds of ethnicity, each
sufficiency has a mother tongue, which is what characterizes diversity. Mother
tongue is the language that a person has learned or used since he was a child
and is the basis and means of communication and understanding of his
environment. The mother tongue is identified with the local language.
More and more mother tongues are
indicated, but it is undeniable that many mother tongues are threatened with
extinction because the number of speakers is decreasing. Some things cause the
decline in mother-tongue users, including the entry of globalization of technology
and information technology in rural areas, urging the younger generation to
choose the language they prefer in communicating with their friends, namely
slang which is trendy and popular and is considered cool. Even when some young
people use their mother tongue, it is considered that they are old, hick and
outdated. Another thing that makes mother tongue threatening is that parents
are not used or taught to their children, and it is used less and less in daily
activities resulting in loss of social or communicative function.
The extinction of local languages has a
significant impact on the sustainability of regional culture. Nowadays, local
languages are increasingly being spoken and used in foreign activities.
Therefore there needs to be a movement from all communities in preserving
regional languages, including researching, publishing books or magazines using
local languages, every family needs to use local languages in daily
conversations, and every event and include regional languages as part of local
content. in school. This research is an effort to preserve local languages.
This is expected to contribute to national culture so that future generations
can enjoy it.
Tontemboan language (TL) is one of the
regional languages or mother tongue in North Sulawesi by the Tontemboan
ethnicity. The Tontemboan ethnicity itself is one of the ethnic groups in
Minahasa. TL is one of the regional languages in Indonesia which is still
actively used by the people who use it in daily communication. This language is
a language that has the widest area and uses the largest number of regional
languages than other languages in Minahasa. TL has two dialects, namely
Matana'I and Makela'I, each of which has its region.
1. The
Matana'I dialect covers the Sonder and Kawangkoan regions.
2. The
Makela'I dialect covers the Tompaso, Langowan, Rumoong Bawah, Amurang,
Motoling, and Tompaso Baru areas.
The difference as well as variants of
these two dialects occurs in the consonants. This can be clearly seen in the
following example:
Makela'I
�������������������� ����������Matana'i
/welen/������������������������ /weren/����������������������� 'eyes'
/se'da/������������������������� /sera/��������������� 'fish'
/useb/�������������������������� /usew/������������� 'plan'
/cua/���������������������������� /kua/��������������� 'say'
Although there are differences in
pronunciation of the two dialects, it does not necessarily bring about
difficulties and undesirable excesses but the condition of using this language
has decreased. Formerly, the language was still actively used in people's daily
intercourse both by families and the younger people. Communication among
families, parents, and children was done using this language. Moreover,
informal meetings sermons, meetings and speeches were performed by using this
language. Nowadays, most of elderly people speak the language but only a few of
the younger can use it in daily communication. Informal meetings the language
is rarely used. This is caused by the potential use of the Manado Malay and
Bahasa Indonesia and also foreign languages. When the language is rarely used
or is not spoken anymore, the existence of this language may be extinct. It
might happen that the coming generation will not speak it anymore.
This research is one of the efforts to
develop the local languages. It is hoped that it will give a contribution to
the national culture so that it can be enjoyed by the coming generation. And
various studies have been carried out on TL, including �Noun Derivation
Of The Typical Minahasa Food And Beverage Names� by (Pamantung, n.d.) The writer will
take a part in maintaining this language by conducting research. �Suffixes In
English and Tontemboan Language (A Contrastive Analysis)� by (Tenda, 2015), and �Tontemboan
Affixes Notes In Teaching English Tenses� By (Kumayas, 2021). On
this occasion the writer is interested in analyzing the TL, she focuses on the
derivational affixes in TL. Derivational affixes are to add an affix to the
root word and form a new word. The new word or derived word is usually
different from the original word class.
A piece of writing must have a certain
purpose and target (Maru, Nur, &
Lengkoan, 2020) and (Maru, 2013). The
aims to be attained in this writing are: to describe the derivational affixes
in the makelei dialect of TL, and to analyze the function and the meaning
revealed by derivational affixes in the morphological process. Besides
participating in the effort of surviving and maintaining the TL as a valuable
heritage in supporting the Bahasa Indonesia as the national language.
In this study, the authors describe and
analyze the derivational affixes consisting of, prefix, infix, suffix, and
confix, especially the Makele'i dialect. The author tries to describe the
derivation of affixes in the TL used by the Motoling Barat community in the
Makele'i dialect. For example, seda 'fish' is attached to prefix {ta-} becomes
tangseda� 'like to eat fish'. The prefix
{ta-} can be attached to a noun, to expresses a hobby or habitual action. The
word class changes to an adjective. This example shows that tangseda as an
adjective undergoes a derivational process from 'fish' which is a noun. So this
way can make it easier for the TL to be understood and understood clearly,
especially the use of derivational affixes.
�� As
a contribution to the morphology of the Tontemboan language, especially in
derivational affixes, the writer researched the Tontemboan language, especially
in the people of Raanan Baru Village, Motoling Barat District, with the
Makele'i dialect.
1. Morphology
Abdul (Chaer, 2003) explained that
etymologically the word morphology comes from the word morph which means �form�
and the word logy which means �science�. So literally the word morphology can
be interpreted as �the science of forms�. While according to (Mulyana, 2000) argued that the
term 'morphology' is derived from English morphology, which means the branch of
linguistics that studies the grammatical arrangement or parts of words. In the
past, this science was better known as morphemics, namely the study of
morphemes. However, along with the development and dynamics of language, the
term that became more popular was morphology. (Manaf, Juita, &
Sari, 2018) states that
morphology is a branch of linguistics that identifies the basic units of
language as grammatical units, while (Siahaan, 2012) defines
morphology as a branch of linguistics that studies the structure and forms of
words.
So morphology is
part of linguistics that analyzes the intricacies of the word. The process of
forming words can affect changes in the form of words and also on the class and
meaning of words. Morphology is inseparable from the name morpheme and word.
2. Morpheme
Based on (Lieber, 2004) said that
"Morpheme is the meaningful units that are used to form words."
Morphemes are the smallest units of language that have meaning in one
utterance. According to (Payne &
Almansour, 2014) Morpheme is the
smallest meaningful unit in the grammar of a language. This is the same as
stated by (Adhicahya, 2015) morpheme is the
smallest element that individually contains the meaning in the utterance of a
language.� (Yule, 2016) confirmed that
the definition of a morpheme is �a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical
function. Units of grammatical function include forms used to indicate past
tense or plural. Example word reopened, consist of three morphemes, they are:
open is one minimal unit of meaning, re-(meaning 'again'), and -ed as a minimal
unit of grammatical function (indicating past tense).So the morpheme is the
smallest unit in a language and has meaning and is part of or is a form of
words in a language. A morpheme can be divided into 2 parts, namely:
a. Morpheme
free.
Based on (Yule, 2016) said that �Free
morpheme that can stand by themselves as single words�.
�The free morpheme is a morpheme that can
immediately form a sentence or a morpheme that can stand alone without having
to be attached to other morphemes, for example, boy, open, walk, play, sing, drink.
Free morpheme is divided into two parts,
namely:
1) Lexical
morpheme or known as open class word can be in the form of Noun, verb, and
adjective. For example: go, yellow, student.
2) Functional
morpheme, also known as Close class word, or like Pronouns, Prepositions, etc.
Example only, that, so, in, you, them, because.
b. Morphemes
are bound
Based on (Yule, 2016) Bound morphemes,
which are those forms that cannot normally stand alone and are typically
attached to another for. According to (Lieber, 2004),
"Bound Morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone". This means
that a bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot directly build a sentence, but
is always tied to other morphemes. For example an affix. dis-, -s, -ly. bound
is unlike the free morpheme, but it is glued to another morpheme.
The bound morpheme is divided into two
parts, namely:
1) Derivational
morpheme: according to (Ingguoe, 2015) says, it is a
construction that has a different distribution from its base. Likewise with (Azis, 2016), said
that Derivational is a morphological process because of the affixation which
causes the formation of various formations provided that the form changes the
word class of the root word. (Yule, 2016) said
that derivational morpheme, these bound morphemes to make new words or to make
words of a different grammatical category from the stem. For example the
addition of derivational morpheme �ness changes the adjective good to the noun
goodness. So derivational morpheme is to change the class of words from noun,
verb, adjective and also change the meaning, it can be in the form of a suffix
or prefix.
2) The
second set of bound morphemes are called�
Inflectional morpheme. These are not used to produce new words in the
language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word (Yule, 2016). Thus
Inflectional morpheme is a morpheme that does not produce a new word but
identifies singular or plural, past tense or not, comparative or superlative.
3. Word
Based on (Mezrag, 2013) said that a Word
is a free morpheme or a combination of morphemes that together form a basic
segment of speech. Meanwhile, (Untung, Kushartanti,
& Multamia, 2007) said
that words are the smallest independent units, or in other words, every
independent unit is a word.�� A word is a
unit of language consisting of a single morpheme or a group of morphemes (Halikowski Smith,
2016). So the word is
the smallest unit of sentences that have meaning or ideas. A free morpheme can
be a word and a word can be a single form or consist of one grammatical unit
and can also be a complex form or consist of several grammatical units. Words are
divided into 8 types, namely:
a. Nouns or
nouns are used for the names of people, things, animals, places, and ideas or
concepts. The noun itself can be further divided into various types, such as
countable, uncountable / mass, common, proper, concrete, abstract, and
collective noun.
b. A
pronoun is a word used to replace a noun. There are 8 types of pronouns, namely
personal, demonstrative, interrogative, indefinite, possessive, reciprocal,
relative, reflexive, and intensive pronoun.
c. Verb is
a verb that is used to denote an action or a state. Verbs can be divided into
several types, such as action verbs and linking verbs.
d. Adjective
is an adjective that is used to provide information on a noun or pronoun.
e. Adverbs
can also be grouped into several types, such as manner, degree, frequency,
place, and time.
f. The
preposition function is to show the relationship between nouns and other words
in a sentence.
g. Conjunctions
are used to connect two words, phrases, clauses to sentences. There are 3 types
of conjunction, namely coordinating, subordinating, and correlative
conjunctions.
h. Interjection
is a type of word that is usually used to express emotions.
4. Affixation
Among the
morphemic processes, the most important thing is affixation, namely, affix affixation.
(Sunardi, 2012),
"Affix is a morpheme which only occurs when attached to some other
morpheme or morphemes such as a root or stem or base. Obviously, by definition
affixes are terms are bound morpheme ". (Siahaan, 2012) Affixation is
the affixing of affixes to a form, both singular and complex forms to form
words. The process of adding prefix, infix, suffix, and confix. An affix
concern with a segmental unit a word which is not free morpheme but can attach
to other morphemes in forming a word, with or without a change of a word class,
a. Prefix
�"The prefix is affix attached before a
root or stem or base like re-, un-, and in-, for example, re-make, un-happy,
in-decent", According to (Sunardi, 2012).
So� Prefix is the process of forming
words by adding a prefix to the morpheme or the appendix on the left. This
prefix turns the morpheme into a complex word.
Below are examples of prefixes in
Indonesian:
Base��������������������� �������� prefixes���������������������
������������
Main�������������� �������������� ber-����������������������������������������� bermain
Masak��������������������������� me-����������������������������������������� memasak
Tulis������������������������������ di-������������������������������������������� ditulis
Tawa����������������������������� ter-������������������������������������������ tertawa
Marah��������������������������� pen-���������������������������������������� pemarah
Examples of prefixes in English:
Base�������������������� ��������� prefixes��������������������
�
Play������������������������������� re-������������������������������������������� replay
Understand������������������� mis-���������������������������������������� misunderstanding
Agree���������������������������� dis-����������������������������������������� disagree
Election������������ ����������� pre-����������������������������������������� preelection
Possible������������� ����������� im-������������������������������������������ impossible
Examples of prefixes in Tontemboan:
Base�������������������� ��������� prefixes�������������������
�������������� kata berprefiks.
Siwo �masak����������������� ma-����������������������������������������� masiwo
�memasak�
Rua �dua����������������������� ka-������������������������������������������ karua
�kedua�
Wali �bawa������������������� i-��������������������������������������������� iwali
�dibawa�
Wale �rumah����������������� maka-������������������������������������� makawale
�pemilik rumah�
Before being
prefixed, the morpheme is single (each morpheme is always single), but after
being prefixed the shape becomes complex.
b. Infixes
Those bound
morphemes which are inserted within the base are called infixes (Effendy, 2011).
Infixation is the process of forming words through the addition of an infix or insertion
to the morpheme or affix by insertion in the base. This fixation turns the
morpheme into complex words.
Infixation in Indonesian, as follows:
base��������������������������� infixes�� �������������������������
tunjuk��������������� ��������� -el-�������������������������������������������� telunjuk
gunung�������������� ����������� -em-���������������������������������������� gemunung
gigi�������������������������������� -er-������������������������������������������ gerigi
kerja������������������������������ -in-������������������������������������������ kinerja
Infixes in Tontemboan are illusustrated
below:
Base������������������������������ infixes�� ���������������������������������
Kais �sapu��������������������� -in-������������������������������������������ kinais
�disapu� / �dibersikan�
Tawoy �kerja���������������� -um-���������������������������������������� tumawoy
�akan bekerja�
Pokol��
�potong� ���������� -in-������������������������������������������ pinokol �telah
dipotong�
Siwo �masak����������������� -um-���������������������������������������� sumiwo
�akan memasak�
c. Suffixes
�Suffixes are the bound morphemes that occur,
after a base (Ahmed & Isma�eel,
2011). So, suffixation
is the process of forming words by adding a suffix to the morpheme or the
appendix to the right of the base.
The process of suffixes in English is as
follows:
Base��������������������������� Suffixes�� ���������������������
Govern�������������������������� -ment�������������������������������������� government
Art�������������������������������� -ist������������������������������������������ artist
Play������������������������������� -ed������������������������������������������ played
Narrow������������� ����������� -er������������������������������������������� narrower
Comfort������������ ���� �������-able��������������������������������������� comfortable
Sing������������������������������ -ing����������������������������������������� singing
Read����������������������������� -s�������������������������������������������� reads
The process of suffixes in Indonesia is
as follows:
Base����������������������������� Suffixes��
Baca������������������������������ -kan���������������������������������������� bacakan
Seni������������������������������� -man��������������������������������������� seniman
Dapat���������������������������� -i��������������������������������������������� duduki
Makan��������������������������� -an������������������������������������������ makanan
The process of suffixes in Tontembon as
follows:
Base����������������������������� Suffixes�� ������������������� �
Indo �ambil������������������� -nii������������������������������������������ indonii
�ambilkan�
Engket �nyala��������������� -an������������������������������������������ engketan
�nyalai�
d. Confixes
Confixes are the
combination of prefixes and suffixes or more segments of affixes attached to a
base (Effendy, 2011).
Confirmation is a combination of affixes or a combination of prefix and affix
or infix or which is applied for a part on the left of the base and apart on
the right.
The process of Confixes in Indonesia is
as follows:
Base������������� ���confixes��
�������������������������������� �
indah����������������� ke-an�������������������������� keindahan
�������� gunung�� ����������� pe-an�������������������������� pegunungan
nyanyi��������������� me-kan����������������������������������� menyanyikan
The process of confixes in Tontemboan is
as follows:
Base����������������������� ������������������ ��confixes��
����������������������������� �
Sia������
������������� �kaya�������������� �
�ka-an����������������������� kasiaan
�kekayaan�
Siwo�
��� ������������masak� �� ������������pa-an����������������������� pasiwoan �tempat masa
Teles���
� ��������������beli��������������� �
�-um-em�������������������� tumelesem
�telah dibeli�
Methods
To conduct this research, a qualitative method was used for
analyzing the data. The data that has been taken was in the form of words.
Bogdan and Taylor stated that "Qualitative methodology is research
procedure that produces descriptive data in the form of written and spoken
words from people and observed behavior". Based on that statement, the
data in this research was not dealing with numbers, diagrams, or formulas, but
in the forms of words or quotations.
In carrying out the data, the researcher used three
techniques of data collection, namely observation, interview and recording
techniques. Observation is kind of technique used by the researcher to observe
the language used by Motoling Barat local people. Interview technique is a technique
in which the researcher asks questions to the local people and recording
technique where the researcher records the informants' responses.
In this research, the researcher herself was the main
instrument in obtaining and analyzing the data. To support this study, the
researcher used tape recorder to record the use of spoken language by the local
people and also used manuscripts that written in TL.
�� The procedures of
data analysis were based on Miles and Huberman's theory (1994), there are data
reduction, data display, and data verification/ conclusion. 1). Data reduction
refers to the process of selecting and transforming the data that appear in a
record or manuscript. 2). Data display, by organized, compressed assembly of
information that permits conclusion drawing and action. 3) Conclusion drawing
and verification, in this step, it concluded as the result of the study. The
researcher will identify the word and the affixes attached in Tontemboan
language spoken by the local people in Motoling Barat. Next, grouping the
affixes, giving examples in sentences, and then drawing the result.
Result and Discussion
Derivational Affixes are affixes that form words, namely
word-forming affixes that change the class of words. Derivation formatter
affixes include:
1. Derivational Prefixes.
There are 6 kinds of derivational
prefixes in the Tontemboan language, namely
a. The prefix ma- combined
with the adjective will change the word class to become a verb indicating
causative notion.
Prefix���������������� base
��� ����������������������������������� verb
ma- ������������������ wuling������������ 'black'������������� mawuling������� ���� 'to blacken'
ma- ������������������ wola��������������� 'blind'������������� mawola����������� ���� 'to blind'
ma- ������������������ worung����������� 'thin'��������������� maworung������ ���� 'to thin'
ma- ������������������ wangker��������� 'large'�������������� mawangker����� ���� 'to enlarge'
ma- ������������������ lambot������������ 'long'��������������� malambot������������
'to lengthen'
ma- ������������������ keli����������������� 'much'������������� makeli������������� ���� 'become much'
ma- ������������������ kolek�������������� 'short'�������������� makolek���������� ���� 'to shorten'
ma- ������������������ welad������������� 'wide'�������������� mawelad��������� ���� 'to widen'
b. Prefix paka-
When prefix paka- is attached to
numerals, the notion expressed is the situation of a base meaning 'times'.
Prefix���������������� base���������������������������������������� verb
paka- ���������������� rua������������������ 'two'��������������� pakarua����������� 'two
times'
paka- ���������������� telu����������������� 'three'�������������� pakatelu���������� 'two
times'
paka- ���������������� epat���������������� 'four'��������������� pakaepat��������� 'four
times'
paka- ���������������� siow���������������� 'nine'��������������� pakasiow�������� 'nine
times'
paka- ���������������� pitu����������������� 'seven'������������� pakapitu��������� 'seven
times'
c. Prefix ta-
The prefix ta- can be attached to a
verb and a noun. This prefix takes the form of tang when it is attached to a
base beginning with the velar stop /K/, /t/, /s/, and it takes the form of
being when it is attached to a base beginning with the consonants /b/, and /p/.
When the prefix is attached to verbs, it changes the verbs to adjectives
expressing 'hobby' or 'habit'.
The following is the prefix attached to verbal bases:
Prefix���������������� base���������������������������������������� adjective
ta- �������������������� ame����������������� 'cry'����������������� tame��������������� 'like
cry ��baby'
ta- �������������������� waya��������������� 'walk'�������������� tame��������������� 'like
walking'
ta- �������������������� elep����������������� 'drink'������������� tame��������������� 'like
drinking'
ta- �������������������� kantar������������� 'sing'��������������� tame��������������� 'like
singing'
The prefix ta- can also be attached
to a noun and expresses a hobby or habitual action. The word class changes to
an adjective. This is shown below:
Prefix���������������� base���������������������������� ������ adjective
ta- �������������������� kawok������������ 'mice'�� ������ tangkawok������ 'like to eat mice'
ta- �������������������� seda���������������� 'fish'���� ������ tangseda�� �������
'like to eat fish'
ta- �������������������� tuama������������� 'boy'���� ������ tangtuama ������� 'like
to change partner'
ta- �������������������� kesol��������������� 'frog'��� �� ����tangkesol� ������� 'like to eat frog'
ta- �������������������� ame����������������� 'cry'����� ������ tame�������� �������
'like cry baby'
���� The
form ta- becomes tam- when the prefix is attached to a base beginning with the
consonants /b/ and /p/.
Prefix���������������� Base��������������������������� ����
Adjective
ta- �������������������� bawi��������������� 'pig'����� ���� tambawi���� �����
'like to eat ��pork'
ta-��������������������� bewene����������� girl'����� ���� tambewene ����� 'like
to change girlfriend'
ta-��������������������� pongkor���������� 'fish'���� ���� tampongkor����� 'like to eat gold fish'
ta - ������������������� punti��������������� 'banana'���� tampunti��� ����� 'like to eat banana'
d. Prefix 'ka-'
The prefix ka- can be attached to
nouns and numerals. When it is attached to nouns it expresses the notion of
'similarity as indicated by the base.
Prefix���������������� Base��������������������������������������� Verb���������������
ka-��������������������� ngaran������������ 'name'������������� kangaran��������� 'have
same ����name'
ka-��������������������� papa���������������� 'father'������������ kapapa������������ 'have
same father'
ka-��������������������� namo�������������� 'face'��������������� kanamo����������� 'have
similar face'
ka-��������������������� sicola�������������� 'school'����������� kasicola���������� 'have
same school'
This prefix has the ability to be
attached to numerals and functions to express ordinality.
Prefix���������������� Base��������������������������������������� Ordinal
ka-��������������������� rua������������������ 'two'��������������� karua�������������� 'second'
ka-��������������������� esa������������������ 'one'���������������� katare������������������������� 'first'
ka-��������������������� telu����������������� 'three'�������������� katelu������������������������� 'third'
ka-��������������������� epat���������������� 'four'��������������� kaepat������������������������� 'fourth'
ka-��������������������� lima���������������� 'five'��������������� kalima������������������������� 'fifth'
ka-��������������������� pitu����������������� 'seven'������������� kapitu������������������������� 'seventh'
ka���������������������� siow���������������� 'nine'��������������� kasiow������������������������ 'nineth'
e. Prefix 'pa-'
The prefix pa- can be attached to a
verb and it has the function of forming a noun. In this strategy, it denotes
'tool'. The following words show this process: �
Prefix���� ����� base���������������������������������� Noun
pa-��������� ����� teles���������� �� 'buy'� �������� pateles��� ��� 'a tool which is used
for buying'
pa-��������� ����� wuas��������� �� 'wash'�������
pawuas����� 'a tool which is used
for washing'
pa-��������� ����� pokol�������� �� 'cut'�� �������� papokol���� 'a tool which is used for cutting'
pa-��������� ����� keis����������� �� 'sweep'������
pakeis���� ��� 'a tool which is used for sweeping'
pa-��������� ����� baca���������� �� 'read' �������� pabaca��� ��� 'a tool which is used for reading'
pa-��������� ����� kocot�������� �� 'comb'�������
pakocot� ��� 'a tool which is used for combing'
pa-��������� ����� siwo���������� �� 'cook'�������� pasiwo��� ��� 'a tool which is used for cooking'
f. Prefix 'maka-'
When the prefix maka- is attached to
a noun, it changes the noun into a verb to express 'ownership'.
Prefix���������������� base���������������������������������������� Verb
maka-���������������� oto������������������ 'car'����������������� makaoto��������� ������� 'own a car'
maka-���������������� toyaang���������� 'child'�������������� makatoyaang�� ������� 'own a child'
maka-���������������� cingke������������� 'clove'������������� makacingke���� ������� 'own cloves'
maka-���������������� ta'
be��������������� 'field'�������������� makata'be������� ������� 'own a rice
field'
maka-���������������� wale���������������� 'house'������������ makawale������� ������� 'own a house'
maka-���������������� TV������������������ 'TV'���������������� makatv����������� ������� 'own a TV'
maka-���������������� sapi����������������� 'cow'��������������� makasapi�������� ������� 'own a cow'
Besides, the prefix maka- can be
attached to an adjective, and the word class is also changed into a verb. It
indicates 'causative' with the meaning of 'becoming' or 'turning'. The
following words show this process.
Prefix���������������� base���������������������������������������� Verb
maka-���������������� lengey������������� 'poor'�������������� maklengey������ ������ 'to become poor'
maka-���������������� rindang����������� 'red'���������������� makarindang�� ������ 'to redden'
maka-���������������� worung����������� 'thin'��������������� makaworung�� ������ 'to thin'
maka-���������������� biongo������������ 'stupid'������������ makabiongo���� ������ 'to stupify'
maka-���������������� wangker��������� 'large'�������������� makawangker� ������ 'to enlarge'
maka-���������������� wobas������������� 'young'������������ makawobas���� ������ 'to turn young'
maka-���������������� rames�������������� 'wet'���������������� makarames����� ������ 'to wet'
Infixes are those bound morphemes
that are interested within a base. The Tontemboan language has two kinds of
infixes: - in � and � um -.
g. Infix ' � in �'
The infix �in- can be inserted within
an adjective and it will form a verb. It still served as a verb formation to
indicate past aspect with a passive meaning. The process is shown below:
Infix������������������ base���������������������������������������� Verb
-in-�������������������� tombal������������ 'sweet'������������ tinombal��������� 'be
sweetened'
-in-�������������������� kolek�������������� 'short'�������������� kinolek����������������������� 'be
shortened'
-in-�������������������� rindang����������� 'red'���������������� rinindang�������� 'be
reddened'
-in-�������������������� wangker��������� 'large'�������������� winangker������ 'be enlarge'
h. Infix '-um-'
This affix can be inserted within an
adjective. In this case it has a function of forming a verb that indicates
causation. The following words show this process:
Infix������������������ Base��������������������������������������� Verb
-um-������������������ tayang������������ 'far'����������������� tumayang������� 'to
further'
-um-������������������ kemel�������������� 'fat'����������������� kumemel��������� 'to
fat'
-um-������������������ rangka������������ 'high'��������������� rumangka������� 'to
heighten'
-um-������������������ tombal������������ 'sweet'������������ tumombal������� 'to
sweeten'
-um-������������������ kulo���������������� 'white'������������� kumulo����������� 'to
whiten'
-um-������������������ repet��������������� 'fast'���������������� rumepet���������� 'to
fasten'
-um-������������������ lengey������������� 'poor'�������������� lumengey�������� 'to
become poor'
�
Suffixes are bound morphemes that are attached after a base. In the
Tontemboan language there are several suffixes: -an, -nii. Each of these
suffixes is discussed below.
i. Suffix ' � an'
The suffix can be attached to
adjective. It will form imperative or express a request or an order to do
something as shown below:
Suffix��������������� Base��������������������������������������� Verb
-an��������������������� lambot������������ 'long'��������������� lambotan�������� 'lengthen'
-an��������������������� tombal������������ 'sweet'������������ tombalan�������� 'sweeten'
-an��������������������� render������������� 'angry'������������� renderan��������� 'scold'
-an��������������������� kemel�������������� 'fat'����������������� kemelan���������� 'fat'
-an��������������������� tayang������������ 'far'����������������� tanyangan������� 'further'
-an��������������������� repet��������������� 'fast'���������������� repetan����������� 'fast'
-an��������������������� worung����������� 'thin'��������������� worungan������� 'thin'
A confix consist of two or more
affixes combines and put together with a base (Effendy, 2011). It is a combination of
two or more affixes that flank a base. The confixes in the Tontemboan language
are ka-an, pa-an, maka-em, um-em, -in-em, men-an, ma-pa, maka-pe. Furthermore,
the confixes are discussed below.
j. Confix 'ka-an'
The confix ka-an is derivational. It
derives a new word when it is attached to an adjective to create a noun.
Confix �� Base �������������������������������������� Noun
ka-an ���������������� sia ������������������ 'wealthy'
�������� kasiaan ���������� 'wealth'
ka-an ���������������� kemel ������������ 'fat'
���������������� kakemelan ����� 'over weight'
ka-an ���������������� repet �������������� 'speedy'
���������� karepetan ������� ''speed'
ka-an ���������������� tayang ����������� 'far'
���������������� katayangan ���� 'distance'
ka-an ���������������� tombal ����������� 'sweet'
������������ katombalan ��� 'sweetness'
ka-an ���������������� lengey ����������� 'poor'
������������� kalengeyan ���� 'poverty'
ka-an ���������������� kulo ��������������� 'white'
������������ kakuloan ������� 'whiteness'
k. Confix 'pa-an'
The confix pa-an is also
derivational. It is only attached to a verb base. When it is attached to a verb
it creates a noun indicating a place of the base. This is shown below:
Confix �� Base �������������������������������������� Noun
pa-an ���������������� tekel �������������� 'sleep'
������������ patekelan�������� 'place for sleeping'
pa-an ���������������� siwo ��������������� 'cook'
������������� pasiwoan�������� 'place for cooking'
pa-an ���������������� wuas �������������� 'wash'
������������ pawuasan������� 'place for washing'
pa-an ���������������� kantar ������������ 'sing'
�� ����������� pakantaran������ 'place for singing'
pa-an ���������������� tawoy ������������ 'work'
������������ patawoyan������ 'place for working'
pa-an ���������������� sere ���������������� 'see'
���������������� paserean��������� 'place for seeing'
pa-an ���������������� keis ���������������� 'sweep' ���������� pakeisan��������� 'place for sweeping'
pa-an ���������������� tangka ����������� 'catch'
������������ patangkaan ���� 'place for catching'
l. Confix 'maka-em'
The confix maka-em can be attached to
a verb, an adjective, and a noun. It functions to form a verb when it is
attached to an adjective or a noun. This process denotes a perfective aspect or
an activity that has been done. This process is shown below in which words are
grouped according to their bases.
The confix 'maka-em'
attached to adjectival bases:
Confix�������������� Base��������������������������������������� Verb
maka-em�����������
rindang ��������� 'red' ���� ������makarindange� ������'have
reddened'
maka-em����������� kolek�������������� 'short�� ����� makakolekem������� 'have shortened'
maka-em����������� lengey������������� 'poor'�� ����� makalengeyem����� 'have become poorer'
maka-em����������� tayang������������ 'far'����� ����� makatanyangem��� 'have furthered'
maka-em����������� worung����������� 'thin'��� ����� makaworungem���� 'have thinned'
maka-em����������� pasung������������ 'beauty'����� makapasungem����� 'have beautified'
The confix 'maka-em'
attached to noun bases:
Confix�������������� Base��������������������������������������� Verb
maka-em ���������� pacol��� ������
'hoe'��������� ��� makapacolem������� 'have hoe'
maka-em����������� kocot�� ������ 'comb'������ ���
makakocotem������� 'have combed'
maka-em����������� pupur�� ������ 'powder'������ ��makapupurem����� ���'have
put face powder'
maka-em����������� karai��� ������
'dress'������ ��� makakarayem������� 'have worn dress'
maka-em����������� surut��� ������
'cigarette'����� makasurutem�������� 'have smoked'
m. Confix 'um-em'
The confix -um-em can also be
attached to an adjective, but it changes the word class into a verb. It denotes
the perfective aspect that indicates 'causative'.
Confix�������������������������� Base��������������������������� Verb
-um-em������������� rindang����������� 'red'���� ���� rumindangem�������� ��
'have reddened'
-um-em������������� rangka������������ 'long'��� ���� rumangkaem���������� ��
'have lengthened'
-um-em������������� repet��������������� 'quick'� ���� rumepetem �� ������������'have quickened'
-um-em������������� kolel��������������� 'short'�� ���� kumolekem ��������������
'have shortened'
-um-em������������� kemel�������������� 'fat'����� ���� kumemelem����������� ��
'have fatted'
-um-em������������� lambot������������ 'high'��� ���� lumabotem ��������������
'have become high'
-um-em������������� lengey������������� 'poor'�� ���� lumengeyem���������� ��
'have become poor'
Table 1
Derivational Affixes in Tontemboan
Languages
No |
Affixes |
Base |
New word class |
Meaning |
1 |
Prefix ma- |
Adjective wuling /black/ |
Verb mawuling /to blacken/ |
The word becomes
verb indicting causative notion |
2 |
Prefix paka- |
Numeral rua /two/ |
Verb pakarua /two times/ |
The notion expressed is the situation of
a base meaning �times� |
3 |
Prefix Ta- |
Verb ame /cry/ |
Adjective taame /like cry baby? |
Expressing
�hobby� or �habit� |
|
Prefix Ta- |
Noun seda /fish/ |
Adjective tangseda /like to eat fish/ |
Expresses a hobby or habitual action |
4 |
Prefix Ka- |
Noun Ngaran /name/ |
Verb Kangaran /have same name/ |
It expresses the
notion of 'similarity' as indicated by the base |
5 |
Prefix Pa- |
Verb Pokol /cut/ |
Noun Papokol /a tool which is used for cutting/ |
It denotes �tools� |
6 |
Prefix Maka- |
Noun oto /car/ |
Verb makaoto /own a car/ |
To express
�ownership� |
7 |
Prefix Maka- |
Adjective lengey /poor/ |
Verb makalengey /to become poor/ |
It indicates �causative� with the meaning
of �becoming� or �turning� |
8 |
Infix -in- |
Adjective tombal /sweet/ |
Verb tinombal /tinombal/ |
It serve as a
verb formation to indicates past aspect with a passive meaning |
9 |
Infikx -um- |
Adjective tayang /far/ |
Verb /tumayang/ /to further/ |
It has a function of forming a verb that
indicates causation |
10 |
Suffix -an |
Adjective lambot /long/ |
Verb tambotan /lengthen/ |
It will form
imperative or express a request or order to do something |
11 |
Confix Ka � an |
Adjective sia /wealthy/ |
Noun kasiaan /wealth/ |
Attached to an adjective to create a noun |
12 |
Confix Pa � an |
Verb tekel /sleep/ |
Noun patekelan /place for
sleeping/ |
Indicating a
place relevant to the meaning of the base |
13 |
Confix Maka -em |
Adjective rindang /rindang/ |
Verb makarindangem /have reddened/ |
This process denotes perfective aspect or
an activity that has been done |
14 |
Confix Maka � em |
Noun pacol /hoe/ |
Verb makapacolem /have hoe/ |
|
15 |
Confix -um � em |
Adjective kemel /fat/ |
Verb kumemelem /have fatted/ |
It denotes perfective aspect that
indicates �causative� |
Conclusion
Tontemboan language is one of the local
language in the regency of Minahasa of The Province of North Sulawesi. It
covers two dialects, namely the Makale�i dialect and Matana�I dialect. The
volume of using this language among young generation and the children has
decreased. Due to the influence of information technology lately, only parents
use this language. And even in formal situations, this language is rarely used.
This is due to the use of, slang, Manado Malay, Indonesian, and the use of
foreign languages. One of the efforts to cope with this problem is to do
research on the language.
Derivational affixes to form words in
Tontemboan language occur through processes of prefix,� infix, suffix, and confix. The affix form of
the Tontemboan language is always attached to the root word, verb, noun,
adjective, numeral. And 12 types of derivational affixes are still actively
used in the Tontemboan language, consisting of 6 Derivational prefixes, those
are:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
2 Derivational infixes, they are:
1.
2.
3. Derivational suffix
There is only Suffix { � an }
1.
Derivational Confixes
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
So derivational affixes in
Tontemboan language is a morphological process because the addition or
placement of affixes to a base of a word causes a change in the word class of
the root word.
This research is one of the efforts
to develop the local languages, it is hoped it will give a contribution to the
national culture so that it can be enjoyed by the coming generation. Another
effort to perpetuate it is to teach it as a subject in schools and colleges. By
learning local languages students know the social culture of Indonesia.
Moreover, we might be able to know the linguistic differences and similarities.
The results of this writing are
expected that it can be used as a reference for study and research, besides
that it hopes to make it easier for teachers and parents to continue to
preserve local languages and foster a love for local languages in children from
an early age. Besides that, it can benefit the Minahasa community and preserve
and teach their children to be proud to use the Tontemboan language.
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Rinny Rorimpandey (2021) |
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