Syntax
Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849
p-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol. 6, Spesial Issue No.
1, November 2021
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ENERGY
POLITICS IN THE CASES OF AZERBAIJAN AND INDONESIA
Kholidah Tamami
Baku State
University, Azerbaijan
Email:� [email protected]
Abstrak
Indonesia adalah negara
maju yang telah memulai proyek dan strategi energi untuk meningkatkan energi
terbarukan karena sebagian besar membahas tujuan politik, ekonomi dan
lingkungan dalam kebijakan keamanan energi mereka. Kepedulian Indonesia di
sektor energi dengan tiga parameter, yang disebut Promosi dan Perlindungan
Investasi. OKI dan GNB adalah organisasi yang melibatkan Azerbaijan dan
Indonesia. Salah satu masalah yang dibahas di sana adalah sektor energi. Saat
ini Indonesia dan Azerbaijan berusaha mengurangi ketergantungan energi dan
mencapai kelestarian lingkungan. Pembuat kebijakan perlu mengejar strategi
menginformasikan publik dengan bukti yang kuat sambil bersikap terbuka tentang
kebijakan energi secara umum. Indonesia dan Azerbaijan memiliki lima perjanjian
bilateral. Pertama, pembukaan Hubungan Diplomatik RI-Azerbaijan. Kedua,
Kerjasama dan Konsultasi antar Kementerian Luar Negeri. Ketiga, kerjasama antar
Kantor Berita. Keempat, Pembebasan Visa bagi Pemegang Paspor Diplomatik dan
Dinas. Kelima, Kerjasama Ekonomi dan Teknik (KSET). Neraca perdagangan kedua
negara masih didominasi oleh sektor migas, dan belum mencerminkan potensi riil
yang mereka miliki, baik karena perdagangan selama ini melalui negara ketiga
karena tidak adanya jalur laut/udara langsung, atau kurangnya penetrasi pasar
oleh industri manufaktur Indonesia. Potensi kerjasama yang dapat digarap antara
Indonesia dan Azerbaijan adalah di bidang minyak dan gas mengingat Azerbaijan
kaya akan kedua sumber daya alam. Saat ini kedua negara sedang memantapkan
finalisasi P4M untuk mendorong kerja sama bilateral di bidang energi, khususnya
berbasis migas. Model kolaborasi terbaik adalah memastikan pembelian/kontrak
jangka panjang antar pemerintah. Salah satu jenis penelitian kualitatif
deskriptif adalah penelitian dengan metode atau pendekatan studi kasus. Studi
kasus termasuk dalam penelitian deskriptif analisis, yaitu penelitian yang
dilakukan terfokus pada suatu kasus tertentu untuk diamati dan dianalisis
secara cermat sampai tuntas. Pendekatan kualitatif adalah proses penelitian dan
pemahaman berdasarkan metodologi yang menyelidiki fenomena sosial dan masalah
manusia. teori aliansi yang digagas oleh Kenneth Waltz dan teori kerjasama
internasional mengingat Azerbaijan dan Indonesia adalah anggota OKI dan anggota
negara-negara GNB. Aliansi adalah hubungan formal antara dua atau lebih
kelompok untuk mencapai tujuan yang disepakati bersama atau memenuhi kebutuhan
bisnis kritis tertentu dari setiap organisasi secara mandiri.
Kata Kunci: �politik energi; diplomasi energi; ekonomi energi; minyak; gas; Indonesia; azerbaijan
Abstract
Indonesia is the developed
countries that have embarked on projects and energy strategies to increase renewables
energy since it largely addressed political, economic and environmental goals
in their energy security policies. Indonesia concern in energy sector with
three parameuteurs, called Promotion and Protection of Investments. The OIC and
NAM are the organizations that Azerbaijan and Indonesia are involved in. One of
the problems discussed there in is the energy sector. Currently Indonesia and
Azerbaijan tried to reduce energy dependence and to achieve environmental
sustainability. Policy makers need to pursue a strategy of informing the public
with sound evidence while being open about energy policy in general. Indonesia and Azerbaijan have five bilateral
agreements. First, opening of RI-Azerbaijan Diplomatic Relations. Second, Cooperation
and Consultation between Foreign Ministries. Third, cooperation between News
Agencies. Fourth, Visa Exemption for Diplomatic and Service Passport Holders.
Fifth, Economic and Technical Cooperation (KSET). The trade balance between
both countries is still dominated by the oil and gas sector, and it is not yet
reflect the real potential they have, either because trade has so far been
through a third country due to the absence of direct sea/air routes, or the
lack of market penetration by the Indonesian manufacturing industry. The potential
for cooperation that can be worked on between Indonesia and Azerbaijan is in
the oil and gas sector given that Azerbaijan is rich in both natural resources.
Currently both countries are consolidating the finalization of the P4M to encourage
bilateral cooperation in the energy sector, especially oil and gas based. The
best collaboration model is to ensure government-to-government long term
purchase/contract. One
type of descriptive qualitative research is research in the form of a case study
method or approach. Case studies are included in the descriptive analysis
research, namely research carried out focused on a particular case to be
observed and analyzed carefully to completion. A qualitative approach is a
process of research and understanding based on methodologies that investigate
social phenomena and human problems. alliance theory which was initiated by
Kenneth Waltz and international cooperation theory considering that Azerbaijan
and Indonesia are members of the OIC and members of NAM countries. An alliance
is a formal relationship between two or more groups to achieve a mutually
agreed goal or fulfill certain critical business needs of each organization
independently.
Keywords: energy
politics; energy diplomacy; energy economics; oil; gas; Indonesia; azerbaijan
Received: 2021-10-20; Accepted:
2021-11-05; Published: 2021-11-20
Introduction
In this era, one of the most
pressing issues that the international community is facing in the energy
security. Indonesia and Azerbaijan are the developed countries that have
embarked on projects and energy strategies to increase renewables energy since
it largely addressed political, economic and environmental goals in their
energy security policies.
Indonesia is one of the Asian country which is concern in energy sector with three parameuteurs, called P4M (Promosi
Perlindungan dan Penanaman
Modal) or Promotion and Protection of Investments. Indonesia and Azerbaijan
already meet to their need for development since 2011 but until this time the
realization of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) aren�t
follow up bilateral agreement. Currently Indonesia and Azerbaijan tried to
reduce energy dependence and to achieve environmental sustainability. Policy
makers need to pursue a strategy of informing the public with sound evidence
while being open about energy policy in general.
Kenneth Waltz and was initiated
international cooperation theory considering that Azerbaijan and Indonesia are
members of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (OIC) and members of Non Alligment Members (NAM) countries. An alliance is a formal
relationship between two or more groups to achieve a mutually agreed goal or
fulfill certain critical business needs of each organization independently.
Alliances are usually interpreted only as a military alliance, a security
alliance, and a defense alliance. In its development, the Alliance is not only
interpreted as an alliance that is military / security / defense, but also
economic alliances, such as trade alliances. The OIC and NAM are the organizations
that Azerbaijan and Indonesia are involved in. One of the problems discussed
there in is the energy sector. According to Neorealism, every action, activity,
and interest foreign policy taken by a country is because of it the influence of
the international system that was happening at that time. International system influence a country behaves and acts, including in formulate
and make foreign policy. Foreign policy made by a country to achieve an
interest that is influenced by international system earlier. As Waltz said:
"The interests of the rulers, and then the state, make a series of
actions; policy needs arise from regulated state competition; calculations
based on these needs can find policies that will carry out the country's interests
well; success is the final test of that. policy, and success defined as
maintaining and strengthening the country. Barriers structurally the system
explains why the methods it is used repeatedly in addition to differencesin humans and the countries that use it.
Method
Researchers
will use qualitative research methods based on case studies. One type of
descriptive qualitative research is research in the form of a case study method
or approach. Case studies are included in the descriptive analysis research,
namely research carried out focused on a particular case to be observed and
analyzed carefully to completion. A qualitative approach is a process of
research and understanding based on methodologies that investigate social
phenomena and human problems. In this approach, the researcher makes a complex
picture, examines words, detailed reports from the respondents' views, and
conducts studies in natural situations (Creswell, 1998: 15). Bogdan and Taylor
(Moleong, 2007: 3) suggest that qualitative methodology is a research procedure
that produces descriptive data in the form of written and oral words from
people and observed behavior. As is usual in the acquisition of data in
qualitative research, case study data can be obtained from all parties
concerned, whether through interviews, observation, participation, and
documentation. Data obtained from various ways is essentially to complement
each other. There are times when the data obtained from interviews is
incomplete, so it must be sought through other means, such as observation, and
participation. In this case, I will try to extract it from the governments of
Indonesia and Azerbaijan, especially the House of Representatives, the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs and the Ministry of Energy, which holds the mandate to draft
the cooperation agreement.
Results and Discussion
1.
Indonesia and Azerbaijan
Bilateral Agreements
Indonesia recognized the sovereignty
of the Republic of Azerbaijan on December 28, 1991 and opened diplomatic
relations on September 24, 1992 through the signing of the Joint Communique in
Moscow. The Azerbaijan Government opened an Embassy in Jakarta on 12 February
2006, while Indonesia opened the Indonesian Embassy in Baku on 2 December 2010.
Indonesia and Azerbaijan have 5 bilateral
agreements. First, opening of Indonesia-Azerbaijan
Diplomatic Relations. Second,
Cooperation and Consultation between Foreign Ministries. Third, cooperation between News Agencies. Fourth, Visa Exemption
for Diplomatic and Service Passport Holders. Fifth, Economic and Technical Cooperation (KSET). The trade balance
between both countries is still dominated by the oil and gas sector, and does
not yet reflect the real potential they have, either because trade has so far
been through a third country due to the absence of direct sea/air routes, or
the lack of market penetration by the Indonesian manufacturing industry. The
potential for cooperation that can be worked on between Indonesia and
Azerbaijan is in the oil and gas sector given that Azerbaijan is rich in both
natural resources. Currently both countries are consolidating the finalization
of the P4M (Promotion and Protection of Investments). Until now there has been
no recorded investment from and to both countries.
Indonesia needs to encourage bilateral
cooperation in the energy sector, especially oil and gas based. The best
collaboration model is to ensure government-to-government long term purchase /
contract. The trade balance is heavily in favor to Azerbaijan, as the trade
volume mainly dominated by Indonesian imports for Azerbaijan's oil. At present
Indonesia still buys Azerbaijan oil through Italy. Azerbaijani-Indonesian
relations were officially established in 1992. Both countries are members of
the Organization of Islamic Cooperation and the Non-Aligned Movement. As I reviewed
above The trade between Azerbaijan and Indonesia is
mostly related to the energy sector, as Azerbaijan emerged as the second
biggest supplier of crude oil to Indonesia in 2011 after Saudi Arabia. In
March, 2016, Azerbaijan and Indonesia drafted a memorandum of understanding
(MoU) to further deepen cooperation in the energy and mineral resources
sectors.
Moreover, the Indonesian government
encouraged the country�s state oil and gas company Pertamina
to invest in Azerbaijan�s oil and gas projects. Until this time the draft
cooperation agreement between Indonesia and Azerbaijan is still floating and
there has been followed-up slowly during pandemic, even though the need for
clarity of this agreement is very necessary given that it relates to the continued
development of the Indonesian economy in the development process. A
cross-institutional consolidation meeting in Asia, America and Europe in the
development of Pertamina's business on March 24,
2021, the Indonesian Ambassador to the Republic of Azerbaijan stated that
Indonesia would open up opportunities for Pertamina's
upstream energy sector in Azerebaijan and willing to
sign the MoU in Energy between Azerbaijan-Indonesia. However, this can be more
obtainable and fully realized after the pandemic.
Conclusion
A result of scientific research on the subject, the facts
were about �Energy Politics in The Cases of Azerbaijan and Indonesia� briefly,
as follows that Azerbaijan and Indonesia are working to solidify joint efforts
to improve the economy, culture and people-to-people contact. Both countries
have absolute optmised in these difficult chapter,
especially in economic and energy politics issues, with solid bilateral
cooperation, it is hoped that both countries can face all the challenges
together and focused on further enhancing mutually beneficial economic, trade
and socio-cultural cooperation.
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