Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah
Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol. 6, No. 2, Special Issue, Desember 2021
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN RISK FACTORS AND THE INCIDENCE
OF TRAUMATIC CATARACT DUE TO BLUNT TRAUMA IN SOETOMO GENERAL HOSPITAL SURABAYA
APRIL 2017 � MARCH 2020
Maimanah Zumaro Ummi Faiqoh1, Indri Wahyuni2, Sri
Umijati3, Dicky Hermawan4
1
Medical
Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga,
Surabaya, Indonesia
2,4Department
of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga-Dr.Soetomo General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia
3
Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine,
Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Cataract
is the cause of 51% of blindness in the world. Cataracts can be caused by eye
trauma, where 55 million eye trauma incidences are recorded annually. The most
common trauma is blunt trauma. Based on previous studies, there were different
research results on risk factors for eye trauma, and there were still few
studies on traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma. This study aims to
determine the correlation between risk factors and the incidence of traumatic
cataracts due to blunt trauma. This study is an analytical study with a
cross-sectional approach. The sampling technique used is total sampling with 52
samples of traumatic cataract patients in Dr. Soetomo General Hospital. The independent variables are the
risk factors for age, gender, type of work, and location of trauma. The
dependent variable is the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma.
The data was collected with medical records and were analyzed
using the chi-square test. A total of 21 patients (40.4%) had traumatic
cataracts due to blunt trauma, and 31 patients (59.6%) had traumatic cataracts
due to other trauma. The significance value of the correlation between age,
gender, type of work, and location of trauma with the incidence of traumatic
cataract due to blunt trauma respectively p=0.557, p=0.675, p=0.198, and
p=0.512, which means p >0.05, so there is no significant correlation. There
is no correlation between the risk factors and traumatic cataracts due to blunt
trauma.
Keywords: risk factors; health risks;
traumatic cataract; blunt trauma
Correspondence: Indri Wahyuni, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine,
Universitas Airlangga-Dr. Soetomo
General Hospital, Surabaya, Jln. Major General Prof.
Dr. Moestopo No. 6-8, Airlangga,
Kec. Gubeng, Surabaya City,
East Java 60286, Phone: 08123593154, Email: [email protected]
Introduction
A cataract is the number
two of eye diseases and the cause of 51% of blindness globally, with about 20
million people (WHO, 2014).
In Indonesia, 77.7% of blindness is caused by cataracts (Ministry
of Health, 2018).
Data from the outpatient unit of Soetomo General
Hospital showed an increase in cases of developmental, complicated, and
traumatic cataracts to sixth in rank in 2005 (Fauzi,
2006).
A total of 55 million eye trauma incidents are recorded annually, resulting in
750,000 hospital admissions and 1.6 million cases leading to blindness (Jovanovic
et al., 2016).
Cases of traumatic cataracts account for about 27-65% of the total incidence of
trauma to the eye (Tabatabaei et al.,
2017).
Based on several previous studies regarding the types of eye trauma, the most
common eye trauma was blunt trauma (Nofityari,
Ilahi, and Ariani, 2019).
Cataracts mainly occur
due to age, hereditary factors, systemic disease, smoking, and trauma (Eva
and Augsburger, 2018).
Pradana's (2017) research results showed
that the age group of 21-30 years was the age group with the highest frequency
of experiencing eye trauma, followed by the age group of 1-10 years. However,
in a 2012 study in India, the age group with the highest frequency of
experiencing eye trauma was 10-20 years (Pai
et al., 2013).
In the United States, men
are four times more likely to develop eye trauma than women (Lubis
et al., 2018).
Research by Maiya,
Dharmesh, and Jayaram (2018),
the ratio of occurrence of eye trauma between men and women is 4.5:1. Research
by Oum,
Lee, and Han (2004)
in Korea, the ratio of male to female eye trauma is 2:1. The most common type
of work for people with eye trauma is farmers (Maiya,
Dharmesh, and Jayaram, 2018).
While the research conducted by Nofityari,
Ilahi, and Ariani (2019)
that the most common occupation for people with eye trauma is students.
According to the United
States Eye Injury Registry, 40% of eye injuries occur at home, 13% occur in
industrial settings, and 13% during sports activities (Chang,
2012).
On the other hand, in a study by Wahyuni,
Sari, and Kartasasmita (2015),
the location of most eye trauma incidence occurs outside the house.
Based
on the results of different studies on risk factors for eye trauma and the lack
of research on traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma, as well as the
increasing incidence of traumatic cataracts in Soetomo General
Hospital Surabaya, it is
necessary to conduct this research to determine the correlation between risk factors and the incidence of traumatic
cataracts due to blunt trauma in Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya.
Method
This type of research is a cross-sectional analytic
study using medical records of traumatic cataract patients in the eye
outpatient unit of Soetomo General Hospital Surabaya
for the period April 2017 � March 2020. The independent variable in this study
was the risk factor, and the dependent variable in this study was traumatic
cataracts due to blunt trauma. The data that has been collected is then carried
out in data processing stages which include editing, coding, entry, and
cleaning. The data in this study were analyzed using
the chi-square test to determine the relationship between two variables and processed
statistically through SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences).
Results
����������� Fifty-two
patient medical records have been obtained. The data recorded are the patient's
age, gender, occupation, and location of eye trauma.
Table 1
Frequency Distribution of
Age Based on Gender
|
Age
(Years) |
Gender |
Total |
||||
|
Male |
Female |
|||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
|
3-10 |
8 |
100 |
0 |
0 |
8 |
100 |
|
11-18 |
6 |
85.7 |
1 |
14.3 |
7 |
100 |
|
19-44 |
24 |
85.7 |
4 |
14.3 |
28 |
100 |
|
45-67 |
8 |
88.9 |
1 |
11.1 |
9 |
100 |
Based on age, the sample age ranged from 3 to 67 years,
with the average age of the sample being 30 years with a standard deviation of
16 years. The highest frequency distribution is the age range of 19-44 years
(adults) with a frequency of 28 people. In this range, it is dominated by men
with a frequency of 24 people or 85.7%.
Table 2
Frequency Distribution of
Age Based on Occupation
|
Age (Years) |
Type of work |
Total |
||||||||||||
|
Work |
Does not work |
|||||||||||||
|
Farmer / Laborer |
Civil Servants |
Entrepreneur |
Fisherman |
Student |
Unemployed |
|||||||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
|
3-10 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
87.5 |
1 |
0 |
8 |
100 |
|
11-18 |
1 |
14.3 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
6 |
87.5 |
0 |
0 |
7 |
100 |
|
19-44 |
22 |
78.6 |
0 |
0 |
3 |
10.7 |
1 |
3.6 |
1 |
3.6 |
1 |
3.6 |
28 |
100 |
|
45-67 |
6 |
66.7 |
2 |
22.2 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
1 |
11.1 |
9 |
100 |
Based on the occupation, table 2 shows that the highest frequency distribution in
the age range of 19-44 years is farmers or laborers as many as 22 people or
78.6% and followed by entrepreneurs as many as three people or 10.7%. The
subsequent highest frequency is students aged 3-10 years as many as seven
people (87.5%).
Table 3
Frequency Distribution of
Gender Based on Ocupation
|
Gender |
Type of work |
Total |
||||||||||||
|
Work |
Does not work |
|||||||||||||
|
Farmer / Laborer |
Civil Servants |
Entrepreneur |
Fisherman |
Student |
Unemployed |
|||||||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
|
Male |
27 |
58.7 |
1 |
2.2 |
3 |
6.5 |
1 |
2.2 |
12 |
26.1 |
2 |
4.3 |
46 |
100 |
|
Female |
2 |
33.3 |
1 |
16.7 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
2 |
33.3 |
1 |
16.7 |
6 |
100 |
The distribution of gender based on occupation in
table 3 shows that the majority are men who work as farmers/laborers with a frequency
of 27 people or 58.7%, followed by male students with a frequency of 12 people
or 26.1 %.
Table 4
Frequency Distribution of
Age Based on Traumatic Cataract Incidence
|
Age
(Years) |
Traumatic
Cataract Incidence |
Total |
||||
|
Blunt
Trauma |
Other
Trauma |
|||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
|
3-10 |
4 |
50 |
4 |
50 |
8 |
100 |
|
11-18 |
3 |
42.9 |
4 |
57.1 |
7 |
100 |
|
19-44 |
9 |
32.1 |
19 |
67.9 |
28 |
100 |
|
45-67 |
5 |
55.6 |
4 |
44.4 |
9 |
100 |
Based on the age distribution in table 4, the highest
age frequency is 19-44 years. There are 28 people with each frequency of 9
people (32.1%) in traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma and 19 people (67.9%)
in the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to other trauma.
Table 5
Frequency Distribution of
Gender Based on Traumatic Cataract Incidence
|
Gender |
Traumatic
Cataract Incidence |
Total |
||||
|
Blunt
Trauma |
Other
Trauma |
|||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
|
Male |
18 |
39.1 |
28 |
60.9 |
46 |
100 |
|
Female |
3 |
50 |
3 |
50 |
6 |
100 |
Table
5 shows that the gender distribution is male primarily. There are 46 people
with a frequency of 18 people (39.1%) in traumatic cataracts due to blunt
trauma and 28 people (60.9%) in the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to
other traumas.
Table 6
Frequency Distribution of Occupation
Based on Traumatic Cataract Incidence
|
Occupation |
Traumatic
Cataract Incidence |
Total |
|||||
|
Blunt
Trauma |
Other
Trauma |
||||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
||
|
Work |
Farmer
/ Laborer |
11 |
37.9 |
18 |
62.1 |
29 |
100 |
|
Civil Servants |
1 |
50 |
1 |
50 |
2 |
100 |
|
|
Entrepreneur |
0 |
0 |
3 |
100 |
3 |
100 |
|
|
Fisherman |
0 |
0 |
1 |
100 |
1 |
100 |
|
|
Does not work |
Student |
7 |
50 |
7 |
50 |
14 |
100 |
|
Unemployed |
2 |
66.7 |
1 |
33.3 |
3 |
100 |
|
Based on the occupation in table 6, the highest
frequency distribution is farmers or laborers. There are 29 people with a
frequency of 11 people (37.9%) in traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma and
18 people (62.1%) in the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to other trauma.
In the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma, the occupation of
entrepreneurs and fishers has a zero frequency, which means there is no data on
patients who work as entrepreneurs or fishers.
Table 7
Frequency Distribution of
Trauma Location Based on Gender
|
Trauma
Location |
Gender |
Total |
||||
|
Blunt
Trauma |
Other
Trauma |
|||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
|
Within the house |
6 |
50 |
6 |
50 |
12 |
100 |
|
Outside the house |
15 |
37.5 |
25 |
62.5 |
40 |
100 |
Based on the location of the incidence of trauma, the
highest frequency distribution was patients with trauma incidence outside the
house, 40 people with a frequency of 15 people (37.5%) in the incidence of
traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma and 25 people (62.5%) in the incidence
of traumatic cataracts due to other trauma.
Table 8
Frequency Distribution of Age
Based on Trauma Location
|
Age
(Years) |
Trauma
Location |
Total |
||||
|
Within the house |
Outside the house |
|||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
|
3-10 |
5 |
62.5 |
3 |
37.5 |
8 |
100 |
|
11-18 |
2 |
28.6 |
5 |
71.4 |
7 |
100 |
|
19-44 |
4 |
14.3 |
24 |
85.7 |
28 |
100 |
|
45-67 |
1 |
11.1 |
8 |
88.9 |
9 |
100 |
Table 8 shows that the frequency distribution of the age
of the sample based on the location of the incidence of trauma is mainly in the 19-44 years, which occurs
outside the house with a frequency of 24 people (85.7%). Meanwhile, the
location of the trauma at home at that age was four people or 14.3%.
Table 9
Frequency Distribution of
Gender Based on Trauma Location
|
Gender |
Trauma
Location |
Total |
||||
|
Within the house |
Outside the house |
|||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
|
|
Male |
9 |
19.6 |
37 |
80.4 |
46 |
100 |
|
Female |
3 |
50 |
3 |
50 |
6 |
100 |
Table
9 shows that in the male gender, the location of the most trauma occurs outside
the house with a frequency of 37 people (80.4%), while for females, the
location of the trauma has the same frequency between the house and outside the
house, namely three people (50%).
Table 10
Frequency Distribution of Occupation
Based on Trauma Location
|
Type
of work |
Trauma
Location |
Total |
|||||
|
Within the house |
Outdoors |
||||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
||
|
Work |
Farmer
/ Laborer |
3 |
10.3 |
26 |
89.7 |
29 |
100 |
|
Civil Servants |
0 |
0 |
2 |
100 |
2 |
100 |
|
|
Entrepreneur |
0 |
0 |
3 |
100 |
3 |
100 |
|
|
Fisherman |
0 |
0 |
1 |
100 |
1 |
100 |
|
|
Does not work |
Student |
7 |
50 |
7 |
50 |
14 |
100 |
|
Unemployed |
2 |
66.7 |
1 |
33.3 |
3 |
100 |
|
Table 10 shows that the frequency distribution of
occupation based on the location of the trauma is mostly farmers/laborers, with
the location of the trauma occurring outside the house with a frequency of 26
people (89.7%). It was followed by students with the same frequency within the
house or outside the house, seven people (50%).
1.
Correlation
Between Age and Traumatic Cataracts Incidence Due to Blunt Trauma
Table 11
Correlation Between Age and
Traumatic Cataracts Incidence Due to Blunt Trauma
|
Age
(Years) |
Traumatic
Cataract Incidence |
Total |
p |
||||
|
Blunt
Trauma |
Other
Trauma |
||||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
||
|
3-18 |
7 |
46.7 |
8 |
53.3 |
15 |
100 |
0.557 |
|
19-67 |
14 |
37.8 |
23 |
62.2 |
37 |
100 |
|
This
study aims to determine the correlation between age and the incidence of
traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma. In this research data, age categories
were combined into two, namely 3-18 years and 19-67 years. After doing the
chi-square test with a significant level of 5% (0.05), the p-value was 0.557
(p>0.05), which means that there is no significant correlation between age
and the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma.
2. Correlation
Between Gender and
Traumatic Cataracts Incidence Due to Blunt Trauma
Table 12
Correlation Between Gender
and Traumatic Cataracts Incidence Due to Blunt Trauma
|
Gender |
Traumatic
Cataract Incidence |
Total |
p |
||||
|
Blunt
Trauma |
Other
Trauma |
||||||
|
n |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
||
|
Male |
18 |
39.1 |
28 |
60.9 |
46 |
100 |
0.675 |
|
Female |
3 |
50 |
3 |
50 |
6 |
100 |
|
This
study aims to determine the correlation between gender and the incidence of
traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma. The data of this study did not meet
the requirements of the chi-square test, so an alternative test was carried
out, namely the Fisher's Exact Test. After the Fisher's Exact Test was
performed with a significant level of 5% (0.05), the p-value was 0.675
(p>0.05), which means that there was no significant correlation between
gender and the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma.
3.
Correlation
Between Occupation and Traumatic Cataracts Incidence Due to Blunt Trauma
Table 13
Correlation between
Occupation and Traumatic Cataracts Incidence Due to Blunt Trauma
|
Occupation |
Traumatic
Cataract Incidence |
Total |
p |
||||
|
Blunt
Trauma |
Other
Trauma |
||||||
|
N |
% |
N |
% |
n |
% |
||
|
Work |
12 |
34.3 |
23 |
65.7 |
35 |
100 |
0.198 |
|
Does not work |
9 |
52.9 |
8 |
47.1 |
17 |
100 |
|
This
study aims to determine the correlation between occupation and the incidence of
traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma. After doing the chi-square test with a significant level of 5% (0.05), the
p-value was 0.198 (p>0.05), which means that there is no significant correlation between the occupation and the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt
trauma.
4. Correlation Between
Trauma Location and Traumatic Cataracts Incidence Due to Blunt Trauma
Table 14
Correlation between Trauma
Location and Traumatic Cataracts Incidence Due to Blunt Trauma
|
Trauma
Location |
Traumatic
Cataract Incidence |
Total |
p |
||||
|
Blunt
Trauma |
Other
Trauma |
||||||
|
N |
% |
n |
% |
n |
% |
||
|
Within the house |
6 |
50 |
6 |
50 |
12 |
100 |
0.512 |
|
Outside the house |
50 |
37.5 |
25 |
62.5 |
40 |
100 |
|
This study aims to determine the correlation between
trauma location and the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma.
The data of this study did not meet the requirements of the chi-square test, so
an alternative test was carried out, namely the Fisher's Exact Test. After the
Fisher's Exact Test was performed with a significant level of 5% (0.05), the
p-value was 0.512 (p>0.05), which means that there was no significant
correlation between the location of the trauma and the incidence of traumatic
cataracts due to blunt trauma.
Discussion
1.
Traumatic Cataract
Risk Factors
a.
Age
��������� In this study, the most traumatic cataract samples were in
the age group 19-44 years, with a total of 28 people. Meanwhile, the average
age of the sample was 30�16 years. In the incidence of traumatic cataracts due
to blunt trauma, the age range of 19-44 years was nine people (32.1%), and the
incidence of traumatic cataracts due to other trauma was 19 people (67.9%). It
is in line with Qi et al. (2016)
research, which shows that the mean age of traumatic cataract patients is
41�19.3 years. Research conducted by Aroean et al. (2020)
also showed that the average age of patients with traumatic cataracts was 38.25
years. In research on eye trauma by Moeloek et al. (2019),
it was found that most respondents were less than 45 years old, with a
percentage of 69.2%. It can be caused because the age range includes the
productive age range, which does a lot of activities or jobs that are at high
risk of experiencing trauma to the eye (Moeloek et al., 2019).
b.
Gender
Of
the 52 samples of this study, 46 samples (88.5%) were male, and six (11.5%)
were female. The 46 incidences of traumatic cataracts were male, 18 or 39.1%
traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma, and 28 or 60.9% incidences of
traumatic cataracts due to other trauma. Research by Mishra et al. (2016)
showed that traumatic cataracts were more common in males than females, namely
54 (71.05%) males, and 22 (28.94%) females. It is also in line with research by
Alem et al. (2019)
regarding eye trauma which shows that the incidence of eye trauma in men is
higher than women with a percentage of 71%. It can happen because men tend to
do more physical activities or dangerous jobs that have a greater risk of
causing trauma to the eye (Maiya, Dharmesh, and Jayaram, 2018).
c.
Occupation
Of
the total 52 samples of traumatic cataracts, the sample with the type of
occupation is farmer or laborer, with the highest percentage of 29 people
(55.7%), followed by 14 students (26.9%). It is also in line with Mishra et al.'s (2016) research, which shows
that most cases of traumatic cataracts are in the work of farmers or
agricultural industry workers as many as 35 people or 46.05% and followed by
students as many as 18 people (23.68%). Research conducted by Tana (2010) on the farmer
respondents mentioned that the possibility of blunt trauma to the eye was
caused by being hit or hit by an object while farming. Farmers mostly use
traditional tools such as hoes and rakes, and not many use
standard protective equipment, causing tools or objects to hit the eyes
directly. The occurrence of eye trauma in workers is also mainly related to
their work activities where personal protective equipment is rarely or even not
used.
d.
Trauma Location
The
location of eye trauma in respondents that can cause cataracts mainly occurs
outside the home with a percentage of 76.9% or 40 people. The incidence of eye
trauma outside the home in cases of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma was
15 people (37.5%). In comparison, the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to
other trauma was as many as 25 people (62.5%). In this study, the occurrence of
eye trauma outside the home was mainly related to the workplace. Research by Shashikala et al. (2013) in India shows that the
workplace is the most common location for eye trauma. Research by Misra et al. (2013) also showed that the
location of the occurrence of eye trauma was most closely related to
agricultural work. The number of occurrences of eye trauma outside the home,
such as the workplace, can be caused by the intensity of time at work being
higher, so the risk of being exposed to trauma is also high. In addition,
workers are also often in contact with work tools that can risk causing eye
trauma more often. In this study, the occurrence of eye trauma at home was
related to children's playing activities. Eye trauma in children at home can be
caused because children play more and have activities in the house and lack
parental supervision (Pradana, 2017).
e.
Traumatic Cataract
This research is in line
with research by Memon et al. (2012) in Pakistan, which also
showed that the most common cause of traumatic cataracts was penetrating sharp
trauma as many as 28 people (68.3%) and blunt trauma as many as 13 people
(31.7%). On research, Sharma et al. (2016) also showed that
cataracts due to penetrating sharp trauma were more than blunt trauma by 54.2%,
with the most common cause of penetrating sharp trauma being thorns, while the
most common cause of blunt trauma was stones. Less incidence of traumatic
cataracts due to blunt trauma may be because many patients with blunt trauma
cannot remember the cause of the trauma. After all, it usually occurs suddenly,
whereas patients with sharp trauma tend to remember the cause more because the
trauma causes visible injuries to the eye (Du et al., 2018). Visual acuity outcomes
tend to be better in cases of blunt trauma. It may be due to the more
significant number of intraocular lens capsule bag fixations and fewer
postoperative complications (Sharma et al., 2016).
2.
Correlation
between Risk Factors and Incidence of Traumatic Cataracts Due to Blunt Trauma
In
this study, the risk factors of age, gender, type of work, and location of
trauma did not statistically influence the incidence of traumatic cataracts due
to blunt trauma. However, Pradana's (2017)
research showed a relationship between age, gender, and location of trauma with
eye trauma. It could be because the study was about the incidence of eye
trauma, and not all trauma events to the eye could cause traumatic cataracts.
Blunt trauma can cause cataracts if the trauma causes damage to the crystalline
lens, thereby blocking light from entering the retina. The effects of eye
trauma, such as cataracts, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and others, can result
in decreased or loss of vision can appear months or even years after the trauma
occurs (Sukati, 2012).
Age, gender, occupation, and location of trauma were not statistically related
to the incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma. However, in this
study, it can be seen that the age range of 19-44 years (adults) is the most common
age experiencing traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma. The incidence of
traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma in males is more significant than that
in females, with a ratio of 6:1. This study also shows that farmers or laborers
work with the most traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma. The location of eye
trauma outside the home is also more likely to experience traumatic cataracts
due to blunt trauma than at home. These results can concern being more careful
in daily activities and paying more attention to personal protective equipment
to avoid health risks, namely trauma to the eye. In addition, it is advisable
to immediately consult a doctor or eye clinic when experiencing eye trauma to
avoid a worse prognosis (Sukati, 2012).
Health campaigns are also needed for all levels of society to equally reduce
the occurrence of trauma and its severity (Du et al., 2018).
Conclusion
The study results concluded
that the age range most experienced traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma
were 19-44 years (adults). The occupation that experienced the most traumatic cataracts due to
blunt trauma was farmers/laborers. Men experienced more traumatic cataracts due
to blunt trauma than women with a ratio of 6:1. The location of eye trauma in
traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma is mainly outside the home. The
incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma is 40.4%. Risk factors for
age, gender, occupation, and location of trauma were not associated with the
incidence of traumatic cataracts due to blunt trauma.
REFERENCES
Alem,
KD et al. (2019) 'Profile of ocular trauma in patients presenting to the
department of ophthalmology at Hawassa University: Retrospective study', PLoS
ONE, 14(3), pp. 1�10. Google Scholar
Aroean, MSP et al. (2020) 'Profile of traumatic cataract
sufferers at Sanglah Central General Hospital Denpasar City, Bali-Indonesia',
Abstract of Medical Science, 11(2), p. 750.
Chang, DF (2012) Cataracts A Patient's Guide to Treatment.
2nd edn. Slack Incorporated. Google Scholar.
Du, Y. et al. (2018) 'Traumatic Cataract in Children in
Eastern China: Shanghai Pediatric Cataract Study /692/699/3161 /692/499
article', Scientific Reports, 8(1), pp. 1�6.. Google Scholar
Eva, PR and Augsburger, JJ (2018) Vaughan & Asbury's
General Ophthalmology. 19th edn. London: McGraw Hill Education. Google Scholar.
Fauzi, M. (2006) Major Differences in the Risk of Senile
Cataract in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Universitas Airlangga.
Jovanovic, N. et al. (2016) 'Prevalence and risk factors
associated with work-related eye injuries in Bosnia and Herzegovina',
International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health. Taylor &
Francis, 22(4), pp. 325�332. Google Scholar.
Ministry of Health, R. (2018) Situation of Visual Impairment
and Blindness. Jakarta.
Lubis, RR et al. (2018) 'Epidemiological characteristics of
work-related ocular trauma among the carpenters in Medan, Indonesia', Open
Access Macedonian Journal of Medical Sciences, 6(11), pp. 2119�2122. Google Scholar
Maiya, Dharmesh, AM and Jayaram, R. (2018) 'Clinical profile
of ocular blunt trauma in a rural hospital', Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology
and Research, 6(1), p. 3. Google Scholar.
Memon, MN, Narsani, AK and Nizamani, NB (2012) 'Visual
outcome of unilateral traumatic cataract', Journal of the College of Physicians
and Surgeons Pakistan, 22(8), pp. 497�500. Google Scholar.
Mishra, S. et al. (2016) 'Socio-Demographic Profile of
Traumatic Cataract in Western Odisha: a Study At a Tertiary Care Hospital',
Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare, 3(49), pp. 2514�2517. Google Scholar.
Misra, S. et al. (2013) 'Clinical profile and visual outcome
of ocular injuries in a rural area of western India',
Australasian Medical Journal, 6(11), pp. 560�564. Google Scholar
Moeloek, A. et al. (2019) 'Characteristics of Eyeball Trauma
Cases at Dr . H. Results of the Management of Eyeball Trauma Case in Rsud H .
Abdul Moeloek Lampung in the Period of 2016-2017', 9, pp. 154�158.
Nofityari, E., Divine, F. and Ariani, N. (2019) 'Analysis of
Characteristics of Eye Trauma Patients at Dr. RSUP. M. Djamil Padang in 2016',
Andalas Health Journal, 8(1), p. 59.
Oum, BS, Lee, JS and Han, YS (2004) 'Clinical features of
ocular trauma in emergency department.', Korean journal of ophthalmology : KJO,
18(1), pp. 70�78. Google Scholar
Pie, SG et al. (2013) 'A clinical study of blunt ocular
trauma in a tertiary care centre', Online Journal of Health and Allied
Sciences, 12(2), pp. 2�5. Google Scholar.
Pradana, PAS (2017) 'Characteristics of ocular trauma
patients at Sanglah Hospital Denpasar in July 2011 � February 2015', Medicina,
48(3), pp. 174�180. Google Scholar.
Qi, Y. et al. (2016) 'Prognostic Factors for Visual Outcome
in Traumatic Cataract Patients', Journal of Ophthalmology, 2016. Google Scholar.
Sharma, AK et al. (2016) 'Visual outcome of traumatic
cataract at a tertiary eye care center in north India: A prospective study',
Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 10(1), pp. NC05�NC08. Google Scholar
Shashikala, P. et al. (2013) 'Profile of ocular trauma in
industries-related hospital', Indian Journal of Occupational and Environmental
Medicine, 17(2), pp. 66�70. Google Scholar.
Sukati, VN (2012) 'Ocular injuries - a review', African
Vision and Eye Health, 71(2), pp. 86�94.
Tabatabaei, SA et al. (2017) 'Early versus late traumatic
cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation', Eye (Basingstoke). Nature
Publishing Group, 31(8), pp. 1199�1204. Google Scholar
Tana, L. (2010) 'The relationship between blunt trauma to the
eye and cataracts in farmers in four villages in Teluk Jambe Barat District,
Karawang Regency', Journal of Health, 20, pp. 124�130.
Wahyuni, L., Sari, M. and Kartasasmita, AS (2015)
'Characteristics and Management of Pediatric Ocular Trauma', pp. 74�79. Google Scholar
WHO (2014) Priority Eye Disease.
|
Copyright
holder: Maimanah Zumaro Ummi Faiqoh, Indri Wahyuni, Sri Umijati, Dicky Hermawan
(2021) |
|
First
publication right: Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah
Indonesia |
|
This
article is licensed under:
|
_files/image001.jpg){kind=small}