Syntax
Literate : Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849
e-ISSN :
2548-1398
Vol. 6, Special Issue, No. 2, Desember, 2021
CHARACTERISTIC OF HARMONIC
DISTORTION IN FREQUENCY 9-150 KHZ GENERATED BY HOUSEHOLD APPLIANCES
M. Muaz Afra Yunardi, Budi
Sudiarto
Faculty of Engineering, University of Indonesia, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The use of household appliances equipped with inverter technology
is growing rapidly. As result of using inverters in household appliances, it
causes voltage distortion in the electricity network. In induction hobs, the
main distortion is in the 20-25 kHz frequency range. Other voltage distortions
also exist in the 40-50 kHz frequency range. Since the voltage distortion is
seen in the frequency range of integer multiplication of the principal voltage
distortion, this can be categorized as a harmonic behavior of the voltage
distortion. The second voltage distortion is also known as the 2nd order harmonic
distortion. This study aims to determine the behavior of the magnitude of the
2nd order harmonic distortion. To test this phenomenon, measurements using a picoscope with several electronic types of equipment that
use inverter technology, such as induction cookers and microwave inverters with
various load operating configurations and interconnections between loads
against 2nd order harmonic distortion. The results of testing and analysis of
the 2nd order harmonic distortion in the load with inverter technology show that
the interconnection load affects the magnitude of the 2nd order harmonic
distortion. This condition will depend on the characteristic impedance of the
distortion source device, neighboring devices, and the main network.
Keywords: Inverter, Voltage Distortion, 2nd Order Harmonic Distortion,
Induction Cooker, Microwave
Received: 2021-10-20;
Accepted: 2021-11-05; Published: 2021-11-20
Introduction
Electrical appliances for households today use a
lot of power electronic components to save electricity. This is in accordance
with the Presidential Instruction of the Republic of Indonesia (INPRES) Number
10 of 2005 concerning energy saving (Presiden Republik Indonesia, 2005). The impact of the development of power electronics
technology has an impact on some equipment that uses inverter technology, where one of the advantages is to make energy
consumption more efficient (Savetlana & Andriyanto, 2012).
Inverters are nonlinear devices in which there are power
electronics components that function as high-frequency switching components (Ramadhan & Sudiarto, 2019),
(Kurniawan & Sudiarto, 2020). As a result of its switching properties, an inverter can
cause interference in the form of harmonic distortion, namely a sinusoidal
voltage or current that has an integer frequency multiple of the fundamental
frequency (50 or 60 Hz) �(Dugan, McGranaghan, & Beaty, 1996). Voltage distortion
appears in the frequency range of 2 � 150 kHz for household appliances that use
inverter technology. Induction hobs have voltage distortion in the range of 2 �
150kHz ��(Dugan et al., 1996), (R�nnberg et al., 2017), (Muhammad & Sudiarto, 2019).
The characteristics of the current generated in
some household appliances are non-linear due to the use of inverters and other
power electronic components (Marganda & Sudiarto, 2020). Non-linear
devices are devices whose current is not proportional to the applied voltag.
Inverters usually use a switching frequency in the 9-150 kHz range, which can
cause harmonic distortion and interference in the AC power output (Sudiarto, Widyanto, & Hirsch, 2014) (Sudiarto, Zahra, Jufri, Ardita, & Hudaya, 2019). This disturbance can be either harmonic or supraharmonic (Mendes et al., 2021).
Harmonic is a distortion in the low-frequency range (50 Hz � 2.5 kHz) and
supraharmonic is a disturbance in the high-frequency range (9 kHz � 150 kHz) (Kurniawan & Sudiarto, 2020). Both
interferences can negatively impact the performance of the equipment, as well
as other equipment connected to the shared network (Sudiarto et al., 2014)
(Vinayagam et al., 2019). However, these
international standards do not adequately cover the emission limits in the
9-150 kHz frequency range (Bollen, Olofsson, Larsson, R�nnberg, & Lundmark, 2014).
For an induction cooker, the main distortion is at
a frequency of 20-25 kHz, but other voltage distortions are also at a frequency
of 40-50 kHz and other distortions are at a frequency of 65-75 kHz. Because the
voltage distortion seen in the frequency range is an integer multiplication of
the frequency of the first voltage distortion, it can be categorized as a
harmonic behavior of voltage distortion.
The voltage distortion appears three times, which
is then referred to as the main distortion for the first order harmonic distortion,
the 2nd order harmonic distortion for the second voltage distortion, and the
3rd order harmonic distortion for the third voltage distortion.
This research is focused on knowing how the
behavior of the magnitude of the second-order harmonic distortion is and
analyzing the effect of induction cooker and microwave inverter as electronic
equipment that uses inverter technology on the behavior of harmonic distortion
in the 9-150 kHz frequency range. The characteristics of harmonic distortion and
voltage disturbance at a frequency of 9-150 kHz will be observed by varying the
level of power consumption of induction cookers and microwave inverters with
various load operations. The results of this study are expected to provide a
reference in minimizing the impact of harmonic distortion on household
appliances that use inverter technology.
Measurement Methodology
This study
used a picoscope. The picoscope is connected to the side of the device under
test (Device Under Test) to measure 2nd order harmonic distortion (Nikitin, Gorshkov, Nikitin, & Ksenevich, 2005). The measurements carried out in this study are
used to investigate the behavior of the 2nd order harmonic distortion magnitude
in the main network, when there are two tested devices (DUT) connected to the
main network. Measurements will be made in 10 Cycles. The tested devices (DUT)
or loads in this study are induction cooker A, microwave inverter B, and
induction cooker C. The tested devices are used to describe the effect of
interconnection loads that affect 2nd order harmonic distortion in the main
network. To illustrate how large the variation of the 2nd order harmonic
distortion is, the measurement is divided into three interconnect load
configurations, namely:
1. Single load operation
2. Single load and one standby operation
3. Two-load operation
The single
load operating configuration uses only primary load (induction cooker A) at
level 3 and level 5 with various secondary load levels (microwave inverter B
and induction cooker C). For single load and one standby operation, the main
load is still induction cooker A, but for standby, load using induction cooker
C and Microwave Inverter B. For the third operation, namely the two-load
operation, the load is the same as before, except for load operation (Patel et al., 2013).
All measurements
were carried out 20 times. Measurements are made in the time domain signal and
use 10 cycles to sample the signal. The signal captured through the Picoscope
is then converted into a frequency domain signal via Matlab. Since 10 cycles
are used to sample the signal, the FFT has an interval of about 5 Hz. Signals
are grouped in a 200Hz bandwidth for easy inspection and to comply with the
200Hz clustering standard in the IEC/EN 61000-4-7 standard (IEC, 2012).
The next step
is to identify at which frequency and to what extent the voltage distortion is.
Due to the small magnitude of the voltage distortion (in mV) and the voltage
source being greater than 220 V, the magnitude is observed in decibels (dB).
To study the
behavior of 2nd order harmonic distortion in the range 2 � 150 kHz for
household appliances, the measurement scheme, and instrument for measuring
harmonic distortion can be seen in Figures 1 and 2 below
Figure 1 Measurement Scheme
Figure 2 Picoscope 3425
Measurement Result And Analysis
A. The Behavior of 2nd order harmonic distortion
To get a general idea of the harmonic distortion behavior, the results
use the average value of 20 measurements. The results of the 2nd order harmonic
distortion behavior can be seen in tables 1 and 2 below.
Table 1
Behavior Of
The Voltage Distortion Harmonics On Cooker A Level 3
|
Load Configuration |
Main Distortion |
2nd order Harmonic Distortion |
||||
|
in mV |
in dB�V |
In mV |
In dB�V |
2nd order Harmonic Percentage in (mV) |
2nd order Harmonic Percentage in (dB�V) |
|
|
Single Operation |
1978.45 |
125.92 |
15.73 |
83.93 |
0.70 |
43.15 |
|
With Cooker C (Standby) |
158.69 |
104.01 |
21.52 |
86.66 |
13.10 |
17.66 |
|
With Microwave B (Standby) |
205.32 |
106.25 |
12.89 |
82.21 |
5.94 |
24.53 |
|
With Cooker C level 7 (Operating) |
202.76 |
106 |
21.09 |
86.48 |
10.25 |
19.93 |
|
With Microwave B (Operating) |
350.66 |
110.9 |
13.39 |
82.54 |
3.52 |
29.07 |
Table� 2
Behavior Of The
Voltage Distortion Harmonics On Cooker A Level 5
|
Load Configuration |
Main Distortion |
2nd order Harmonic Distortion |
||||
|
in mV |
in dB�V |
In mV |
In dB�V |
2nd order Harmonic Percentage in (mV) |
2nd order Harmonic Percentage in (dB�V) |
|
|
Single Operation |
5335.03 |
134.54 |
21.58 |
86.68 |
0.37 |
48.72 |
|
With Cooker C (Standby) |
474.34 |
113.52 |
30.26 |
89.62 |
6.18 |
24.18 |
|
With Microwave B (Standby) |
353.55 |
110.97 |
17.12 |
84.67 |
4.53 |
26.88 |
|
With Cooker C level 7 (Operating) |
499.54 |
113.97 |
29.27 |
89.33 |
5.61 |
25.02 |
|
With Microwave B (Operating) |
1294.68 |
122.24 |
17.51 |
84.87 |
1.28 |
37.85 |
In Tables 1
and 2, the calculation results use the distortion voltage (mV) and magnitude (dB�V). From the table above, it can be seen that when the
second load is in standby or operating, the main distortion tends to decrease
while the 2nd order harmonic distortion varies depending on the type of load.
Because the main distortion is reduced When both loads (in standby and
operating), and 2nd order harmonic distortion occurs, the percentage of 2nd
order harmonic distortion will be greater than that of a single operating load
(Induction Cooker A). It can also be seen that the primary distortion will be
reduced to about 80% of the initial single load operation when connected to a
secondary load. This happens for both A level 3 and level 5 induction cookers.
For
induction cooker C as a secondary load in standby and operation, the main
distortion is greater with the operation of induction cooker C. The 2nd order
harmonic distortion also increases during both loads operating compared to the
standby mode of induction cooker C. The percentage of 2nd order harmonic
distortion to the main distortion tends to decrease. This happens for both A
level 3 and level 5 induction cookers which serve as the main load.
For
microwave inverter B as a secondary load in standby and operation, the primary
distortion increases when the microwave is operating. The 2nd order harmonic
distortion also increases as the microwave operates. The percentage of 2nd
order harmonic distortion to the main distortion is smaller when the microwave
is operating compared to the microwave in standby mode. This happens for both A
level 3 and level 5 induction cookers which serve as the main load.
B. Impedance Analysis for 2nd Order Harmonic Distortion
Based on the measurement results using maximum voltage distortion, the
frequency of a certain voltage distortion is known, so that the relationship
between load configuration and harmonic quantities can be known. Because the
main network is connected to a 700�H high impedance serial which is equivalent
to �219.8 in the 40-50kHz frequency range. Therefore, the circuit analysis will
only discuss the characteristic impedance of the device under test (DUT).
The characteristic impedance is described in terms of magnitude and
phase; phase will describe the type of load whether the load is capacitive
(negative phase) or inductive (positive phase). The magnitude is obtained from
measuring the current and voltage within a certain frequency range, then the voltage
is divided by the current, resulting in impedance. The phase is obtained from
modeling and simulation of the circuit, by injecting the harmonic frequency to
determine the behavior of the load at that frequency. Since the characteristic
DUT impedance of the three DUTs does not change much in frequency during
operation and Standby, the characteristic impedance of the DUT in operation can
be used. For different DUTs, the impedance can be seen graphically in Figures
3,4, and 5 below.
Figure 3 Impedance Characteristic of Induction
Cooker A
Figure 4 Impedance Characteristic of Induction
Cooker C
Figure 5 Impedance Characteristic of Inverter
Microwave B
In induction cooker A level 5 and induction cooker C level 5 during both
load operations, 2nd order harmonic distortion occurs at a frequency of 44.6
kHz. By using these frequencies, the impedance for induction cooker A and
induction cooker C can be determined. At this frequency, the impedance of the
induction cooker A is 0.318Ω -66.51˚, which means the impedance is
capacitive. The impedance of the induction cooker C is 0.40Ω 68.89˚, which
means the impedance is inductive. The main Z is the impedance for the main
network because it is connected to a high impedance (700�H), 219.8Ω is
being used.
The induction cooker A has a negative angle impedance which means it is
capacitive and induction cooker C has a positive angle impedance which means it
is inductive, the impedance for each DUT can be described as a combination of
resistive-capacitive and resistive-inductive loads. From the above explanation
that the main network and the secondary DUT (Induction cooker C) are connected
in parallel. which means that the voltage source is the same as the addition of
voltage distortion on the mains and the voltage on the induction cooker A. The
equivalent circuit for this configuration can be seen in Figure 6 below.
Figure 6 Equivalen Circuit during both operations
In Figure 6 it can be seen that the main network and the secondary device
(Induction cooker C) are connected in parallel. which means that the voltage
source (V source) is equal to the addition of the distortion voltage on the
mains and the voltage on the induction cooker A. The formula is explained as
follows.
Tables 3
and 4 below are the results of measurements of 2nd order harmonic distortion
and voltage distortion calculated using circuit analysis for various
configurations.
Table 3 Circuit Analysis Induction Cooker A Level 3
|
Induction
Cooker A level 3 (Single Operation) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
47 |
15,73 |
15,73 |
15,71 |
0 |
15,71 |
0 |
|
Induction
Cooker A level 3 and Induction Cooker C (Standby) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
47 |
21,52 |
15,73 |
20,99 |
33,35 |
17,53 |
11,54 |
|
Induction
Cooker A level 3 and Microwave Inverter B (Standby) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
47 |
12,89 |
15,73 |
13,78 |
-2,05 |
13,77 |
-0,49 |
|
Induction
Cooker A level 3 and Induction Cooker C (Operation) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
47 |
21,09 |
15,73 |
20,99 |
33,35 |
17,53 |
11,54 |
|
Induction
Cooker A level 3 and Microwave Inverter B (Operation) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
47 |
13,39 |
15,73 |
13,76 |
-1,97 |
13,75 |
-0,47 |
Table 4 Circuit Analysis Induction Cooker A Level
5
|
Induction
Cooker A level 5 (Single Operation) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
44,6 |
21,58 |
21,58 |
21,55 |
0 |
21,55 |
0 |
|
Induction
Cooker A level 5 and Induction Cooker C (Standby) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
44,6 |
30,26 |
21,58 |
30,43 |
52,70 |
18,44 |
24,21 |
|
Induction
Cooker A level 5 and Microwave Inverter B (Standby) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
44,6 |
17,12 |
21,58 |
18,72 |
-1,24 |
18,71 |
-0,40 |
|
Induction
Cooker A level 5 and Induction Cooker C (Operation) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
44,6 |
29,27 |
21,58 |
30,43 |
52,70 |
18,44 |
24,21 |
|
Induction
Cooker A level 5 and Microwave Inverter B (Operation) |
Vcalculation (Vsource � Vstove
A) |
||||||
|
Harmonic
Distortion |
Freq. [kHz] |
V measured [mV] |
V source [mV] |
Magnitude |
angle |
real |
imajinary |
|
2nd
order |
44,6 |
17,51 |
21,58 |
18,66 |
-1,20 |
18,66 |
-0,39 |
Using circuit analysis data, the 2nd order harmonic distortion is
calculated at 30.43 mV∠52.70˚ , while the 2nd order harmonic distortion measurement for the
induction cooker A level 5 and the induction cooker level C during both DUT operations
is measured 29, 27mV. The results are different because in this calculation the
current entering the main network is assumed to be zero. Using circuit
analysis, it can be seen that the magnitude of the harmonic distortion will
depend on the characteristic impedance of the load.
To calculate the percentage of 2nd order harmonic distortion for various
configurations, the following formula is used:
The results of the percentage of 2nd order harmonic distortion for
various configurations can be seen in Table 5 below.
Table 5 Percentage Of 2nd Order Harmonic Distortion For Various Configurations
For The Single Operating Mode
|
Percentage (%) |
||
|
Level 3 |
Level 5 |
|
|
Single Operation |
- |
- |
|
With Cooker C (Standby) |
36,86 |
40.20 |
|
With Microwave B (Standby) |
-18.05 |
-20.70 |
|
With Cooker C level 7
(Operating) |
34.14 |
35.63 |
|
With Microwave B (Operating) |
-14.83 |
-18.90 |
Table 5 is used to illustrate how the value of 2nd order harmonic distortion with various configurations is compared to a single load operation. From table 5 it can be seen that when an inductive load (induction cooker C) is connected to the circuit, the 2nd order harmonic distortion will increase by an average of about 36.81% when compared to the single operating mode. For induction cooker C in standby or in operation, 2nd order harmonic distortion has increased and occurs for level 3 and level 5 induction cooker configurations.
����� When induction cooker A is connected to a capacitive load (microwave inverter B), the 2nd order harmonic distortion is decreased by an average of 18.05% when compared to the single operating mode. For microwave inverter B in standby or operating, the 2nd order harmonic distortion has increased and occurs for the configuration of the induction cooker level 3 and level 5.
����� The difference between the impedance analysis for the 2nd order harmonic distortion and the observed value for the 2nd order harmonic distortion of the measurement is measured as an error. The percentage of errors can be seen in Table 6 below.
Table 5 is used to illustrate how the value of 2nd order harmonic distortion with various configurations is compared to a single load operation. From table 5 it can be seen that when an inductive load (induction cooker C) is connected to the circuit, the 2nd order harmonic distortion will increase by an average of about 36.81% when compared to the single operating mode. For induction cooker C in standby or in operation, 2nd order harmonic distortion has increased and occurs for level 3 and level 5 induction cooker configurations.
����� When induction cooker A is connected to a capacitive load (microwave inverter B), the 2nd order harmonic distortion is decreased by an average of 18.05% when compared to the single operating mode. For microwave inverter B in standby or operating, the 2nd order harmonic distortion has increased and occurs for the configuration of the induction cooker level 3 and level 5.
����� The difference between the impedance analysis for the 2nd order harmonic distortion and the observed value for the 2nd order harmonic distortion of the measurement is measured as an error. The percentage of errors can be seen in Table 6 below.
Measured as an error. The percentage of errors can be seen in Table 6
below.
Table 6 Error Percentage for
induction Cooker A measurement and impedance analysis
|
Configuration |
2nd Order
Distortion |
Error (%) |
|
|
Measurement (mV) |
Calculation (mV) |
||
|
Single Operation |
15.73 |
15.71 |
0.11 |
|
With Cooker C (Standby) |
21.52 |
20.99 |
2.50 |
|
With Microwave B (Standby) |
12.89 |
13.78 |
6.93 |
|
With Cooker C level 7
(Operating) |
21.09 |
20.99 |
0.52 |
|
With Microwave B (Operating) |
13.39 |
13.76 |
2.74 |
|
Configuration |
2nd Order Distortion |
Error (%) |
|
|
Measurement (mV) |
Calculation (mV) |
||
|
Single Operation |
21.58 |
21.55 |
0.14 |
|
With Cooker C (Standby) |
30.26 |
30.43 |
0.57 |
|
With Microwave B (Standby) |
17.12 |
18.72 |
9.36 |
|
With Cooker C level 7 (Operating) |
29.27 |
30.43 |
3.96 |
|
With Microwave B (Operating) |
17.51 |
18.66 |
6.59 |
Conclusion
Based on the
results of measurements of harmonic distortion at a frequency of 9-150 kHz
produced by household appliances, the following conclusions are obtained The interconnected loads can affect the 2nd order
harmonic distortion. They can increase or decrease the 2nd order harmonic
distortion that occurs in the shared network. This condition will depend on the
characteristic impedance of the distortion source device, neighboring devices,
and the main network. Based on the
measurement results, when the microwave inverter B is connected to the power
grid, because it has capacitive behavior, the 2nd order harmonic distortion
will be reduced by 18.12% compared to the single operation result of induction
cooker A. On the other hand, when induction cooker C is connected to the power
grid, because it has inductive behavior, the 2nd order harmonic distortion will
increase by 36.71% compared to the single operation result of induction cooker
A.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Bollen, Math, Olofsson, Magnus, Larsson,
Anders, R�nnberg, Sarah, & Lundmark, Martin. (2014). Standards for
supraharmonics (2 to 150 kHz). IEEE Electromagnetic Compatibility Magazine,
3(1), 114�119. Google Scholar
Dugan, Roger C., McGranaghan, Mark F.,
& Beaty, H. Wayne. (1996). Electrical power systems quality. New York. Google Scholar
IEC, P. D. (2012). International
Electrotechnical Commission [IEC](2012). International standard PD IEC. TR
Patent 60,725.
Kurniawan, S. A., & Sudiarto, B.
(2020). Characteristics of disturbance in frequency 9-150 kHz and harmonic
distortion of the on-grid rooftop photovoltaic system for resistive and
inductive load. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 599(1),
12033. IOP Publishing. Google Scholar
Marganda, N., & Sudiarto, B. (2020).
Characteristics of harmonic distortion and disturbance in frequency 9-150 kHz
of the grid-connected rooftop photovoltaic system for various types non-linear
household loads. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science,
599(1), 12013. IOP Publishing. Google Scholar
Mendes, Thais M., Ferreira, Danton D.,
Silva, Leandro R. M., Khosravy, Mahdi, Meyer, Jan, & Duque, Carlos A.
(2021). Supraharmonic estimation by polyphase DFT filter bank. Computers
& Electrical Engineering, 92, 107202. Google Scholar
Muhammad, N., & Sudiarto, B. (2019).
Disturbance Characteristics of the Off-Grid Photovoltaic System in the
Frequency Range from 9-150 kHz with Changing Solar Irradiance and Shading Area.
IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 353(1),
12009. IOP Publishing. Google Scholar
Nikitin, Petr I., Gorshkov, B. G., Nikitin,
E. P., & Ksenevich, T. I. (2005). Picoscope, a new label-free biosensor. Sensors
and Actuators B: Chemical, 111, 500�504. Google Scholar
Patel, Parveen, Bansal, Deepak, Yuan,
Lihua, Murthy, Ashwin, Greenberg, Albert, Maltz, David A., Kern, Randy, Kumar,
Hemant, Zikos, Marios, & Wu, Hongyu. (2013). Ananta: Cloud scale load
balancing. ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review, 43(4), 207�218. Google Scholar
Presiden Republik Indonesia. (2005). Instruksi
Presiden Republik Indonesia Nomor 10 Tahun 2005 Tentang Penghematan Energi,
Republik Indonesia. Jakarta.
Ramadhan, Gusdhi Rhazhya, & Sudiarto,
Budi. (2019). The 9�150 kHz Disturbance Characteristics of a Grid-connected
Rooftop Photovoltaic system. 2019 IEEE Conference on Energy Conversion
(CENCON), 1�5. IEEE. Google Scholar
R�nnberg, Sarah K., Bollen, Math H. J.,
Amaris, Hortensia, Chang, Gary W., Gu, Irene Y. H., Kocewiak, Łukasz H.,
Meyer, Jan, Olofsson, Magnus, Ribeiro, Paulo F., & Desmet, Jan. (2017). On
waveform distortion in the frequency range of 2 kHz�150 kHz�Review and research
challenges. Electric Power Systems Research, 150, 1�10. Google Scholar
Savetlana, Shirley, & Andriyanto,
Andreas. (2012). Sifat-Sifat Mekanik Komposit Serat TKKS-Poliester. Mecahnical,
3(1), 45�50. Google Scholar
Sudiarto, Budi, Widyanto, Aji Nur, &
Hirsch, Holger. (2014). Current Distortion Characteristics of Some Home
Appliances in Distorted Voltage Environment for Frequency Range of 2-150 KHz. Int.
Conf. Renew. Energies Power Qual. Google Scholar
Sudiarto, Budi, Zahra, Alya, Jufri, Fauzan
Hanif, Ardita, I. Made, & Hudaya, Chairul. (2019). Characteristics of
Disturbance in Frequency 9-150 kHz of Photovoltaic System under Fluctuated
Solar Irradiance. 2019 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Power and Energy
Applications (ICPEA), 217�221. IEEE. Google Scholar
Vinayagam, Arangarajan, Aziz, Asma,
Balasubramaniyam, P. M., Chandran, Jaideep, Veerasamy, Veerapandiyan, &
Gargoom, Ameen. (2019). Harmonics assessment and mitigation in a photovoltaic
integrated network. Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 20,
100264. Google Scholar
|
Copyright holder: M. Muaz Afra Yunardi, Budi Sudiarto (2021) |
|
First publication right: Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah
Indonesia |
|
This article is licensed
under: |