Syntax
Literate : Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849
����� e-ISSN:
2548-1398
����� Vol. 4,
No. 7 Juli 2019
THE ANALYSIS OF REFUSAL SPEECH ACT IN SOME SELECTED
EPISODES IN �FRIENDS� DRAMA SERIES
Ade Mulyadi
Universitas Islam Al-Ihya
Kuningan
Abstract
The study aims
to known what are types of refusal speech act and dominant refusal in some
selected episodes in Friends drama series, In this research the writer employs
the qualitative research. The writer had divide into 5 steps.
First, the writer watches of Friend�s video. Second, the writer reads of
Friend�s script. Third, the writer gives a mark of refusal speech act on the
script of �Friends� drama series. Fourth, the writer grouped the type of
refusal speech act. And the last, the writer analyzed the classifying of type
of refusal speech act and dominant
type of the refusal speech act in communication used by all character of some
selected episodes in Friends drama series. Based on
the data analysis, it can be concluded that, this research the writer find
seven types of refusal according to Turnbull and Saxton (1997:145-181), use of
modality used by some selected episodes in �Friends� drama series with three
episodes, those are: episodes: 1: The One Where Monica
Gets a New Roommate, episode 2: The One with the Sonogram at the End, episode 3: The One with the Thumb. They are:
Negate request (35%), Use performatives (3%), Indicate reluctance (15%),
Indicate Impediments (11%), Avoid decision (7%), Show goodwill (19%) and
Suggest alternative (10%).
Key
Word:
Refusal, types of Refusal, Dominant type
of Refusal.
Introduction
Rational
Speech
act is action performed by producing the utterance appropriate the context
(Yule, 1996:47). Speech act theory divided into some theories, one of them is
refusal.
Refusing
is a complex issue, as the speaker directly or indirectly says no to his/her.
Chen (1996:13) says interlocutor�s request, invitation or suggestion; this
speech act has attracted researcher�s attention due to the face-threatening
nature it entails.
The
writer is interested to this study because the data source has many contains
refusal utterance in their communication. The writer takes
object of research from some selected episodes in �Friends �drama series, there are three episodes in first season. Those are: The
One Where Monica Gets a New Roommate, The One
with the Sonogram at the End,,The One with the Thumb. To conduct this analysis the writer use of Turnbull and Saxton
(1997:145-181) theory. They examined the use of modality. Those
are: Negate request, Use Performatives, Indicate reluctance, Indicate
Impediments, Avoid decision, Show goodwill and Suggest alternative. Therefore,
this study attempts to see how the speech acts used in communication used by
some selected episodes in Friends drama series.
Previously,
Al-Eryani (2005) student in the
English Department in Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. He make the data
collected through the Discourse-Completion-Test (DTC) are analyzed with
questioner. The analysis was based on an independent examination of each
response. The same semantic formulas as employed by Beebe, Takahashi, &
Uliss-Weltz (1990:57), then for this study the writer analyzed of refusal
speech act use documentation of video and script in Friends drama series, and finding out the types of refusal
strategies and dominant type refusal. Analyzing and describing the refusal used
Turnbull
and Saxton (1997:145-181) theory.
Theoretical
Background
Pragmatic
Theory
There
are some definitions of pragmatics. According to Yule (1996:3) pragmatics is
the study of the relationship between linguistic form and users of those forms.
It is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by the speaker and
interpreted by listener.
Speech
Act
Speech
act is a technical term in linguistics and the philosophy of language. Speech
acts can be analyzed on three levels: illocutionary act, the performance of an
utterance and its ostensible meaning, comprising phonetic, phatic and rhetic acts
corresponding to the verbal, syntactic and semantic aspects of any meaning full
utterance; and illocutionary act: the semantic �illocutionary force� of the
utterance, thus its real, intended meaning; and in certain case a further
perlocutionary act: its actual effect, such as persuading, convincing, scaring,
enlightening, inspiring, or otherwise getting someone to do or realize
something, whether intended or not (Austin, 1975:3).
Refusal
In speech act according to Searle
(1979:12-17) categories in illocutionary act based on varied criteria, there
are Representative, Directives, Commisive, Expressive, and Declarations. In
commisive, Searle divide some categories again there are: promise, threats,
refusals, pledges,e.g. The writer take this study about refusal speech act
divide of commisive.
Refusing is a complex
issue, as the speaker directly or indirectly says no to his/her, Interlocutor�s
request, invitation or suggestion. This speech act has attracted researchers
�attention due to the face-threatening nature it entails. Refusals threaten the
addressee�s negative face, that is, the desire that his/her future choice of
actions or words be uninhibited (Chen 1996:13)
The pragmatic and
sociocultural research in a monolingual framework has been directed toward
finding out how the noncompliant nature of refusal, therefore
the writer would classify refusing utterance in some selected episodes in
Friends drama series by all character with seven types of refusal speech act
according to Turnbull and Saxton (1997:145-181).Examined the use of modality, those are seven
types of refusal speech act.
1. Negate
request: Refers to the straightforward performance or rejection when refusers
deny the possibility of their granting the request. (No, probably not, no)
2. Use
Performatives refusal: This is when the refuser carries out the act of
rejection by uttering a performative verb of similar illocutionary meaning to
what can be delivered by verb refuse
and decline. The
performative verb is therefore often placed within the scope or modality to
convey a sense of indefiniteness or compulsion. (I guess I�ll have to say no then).
3. Indicate
reluctance: Speakers may also decline on record by confessing their lack of
interest or inclination toward the requested action. (No, I don�t think I�d be interested in one like that.)
4. Indicate
Impediments: These speakers are not able to grant the request. ( I won�t be able to make it)
5. Avoid
decision: Theses speakers neither reject nor accept the request, but simply
point out that for the time being they cannot make a decision. ( If this the case temporarily I don�t quite
know how to answer your question)
6. Show
goodwill: Where speaker replace a rejection with communication of a friendly pr
helpful attitude towards other. ( I am
sorry, but this is not better for you).
7. Suggest
alternative: to redirect the requester�s attention from the ongoing discussion
of the requested event to another. ( I
dislike, but you can choice what is another one you like)
Friends
Drama Series
�Friends� is a comedy drama series from
American sitcom created by David Crane and Marta Kauffman, which aired on NBC from September 22, 1994 to May 6,
2004. The series revolves around a group of friends in the borough of Manhattan, New York City. The series was
produced by Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions, in
association with Warner Bros. Television. The
original executive producers were Crane, Kauffman and Kevin S. Bright, with
numerous others being promoted in later seasons.
Methodology
of the Research
In this research the writer employs the
qualitative research. Qualitative research describes social phenomena as they
occur naturally (Hancock, 1998). According to Alwasilah (2008), a qualitative
study involves description and analysis rather than the counting features.
In this study the writer uses documentation.
They are video and script of Friends drama series in some selected episodes. The research data target it
using the refusal speech act analyzed by the writer.
The research data
collection consist of some selected episodes in �Friends� drama series. There are many comprehension about refusal speech
act that used by all character on their communication.
The writer had divide into 5 steps. First, the writer watches of Friend�s
video. Second, the writer reads of Friend�s script. Third, the writer gives a
mark of refusal speech act on the script of �Friends� drama series. Fourth, the
writer grouped the type of refusal speech act. And the last, the writer
analyzed the classifying of type of refusal speech act and dominant type of the refusal speech
act in communication used by all character of some selected episodes in
Friends drama series
To know how many types
of refusal speech act and dominant type of refusal speech act commonly in
communication used by some selected episodes in Friends drama series, the
writer uses the formula as follow:
Fk rel ��= frequency of relative cumulative
(percentage of types)
�Fk = frequency of cumulative (total types
frequency of the sub-category)
�Frequency of total (total of all categories)
100% = percentage
(Subana, 2000: 47)
Finding
and Discussion
Types
of Refusal Speech Act in Communication Used by Some Selected Episodes in
�Friends� Drama Series. There are seven types of refusal speech act takes in
some selected episodes in �Friends� drama series which consists
of three episodes in the first season, those
are: episode 1: The One Where Monica Gets a New Roommate, episode 2: The One with the Sonogram at the End, episode 3: The One with the Thumb. Those
dates interpreted in the below.
Data 1
Tabel 1.
Types of Refusal
Speech Act in Communication.
No |
Types of Refusal |
Frequency |
% |
Utterance |
|
1 |
Negate Request |
6 |
30 |
-
Oh, no don't! Stop cleansing my
aura! No, just leave my aura alone, okay? -
No, it's
good, it is good, it's just that- mm- doesn't she seem a little angry? -
'Not-mine. Not-mine. Not-mine.' And even if I was happy,
okay, and, and skipping- 'Not-not-mine, not-not-mine, not-not-mine,
not-not-mine'. -
Alright, don't tell me, don't tell me! -
Uh, No, loosely translated we should do this again. -
No, he'll be fine. It's the other five I'm worried about. |
|
2 |
Use�
Performatives |
1 |
5 |
-
Well, maybe I don't need your
money. |
|
3 |
Indicate Reluctance |
3 |
15 |
-
I don�t want
to be single, okay! I just wanna be married again! -
No, you have it, really, I don't
want it. -
Oh, no! I- I can't drink this now! |
|
4 |
Indicate Impediments |
2 |
10 |
-
I don�t want
to her to go through what I went through wit Carl-oh! -
No no no, I am not giving you a cigarette. |
|
5 |
Avoid Decision |
2 |
10 |
-
I don't think so. -
I don�t know, a little too Alan? |
|
6 |
Show Goodwill |
4 |
20 |
-
I can't marry him! I'm sorry. I
just don't love him. Well, it matters to me! -
I'm sorry, I didn't catch your
name. Paul, was it? -
Yeah, I'm sorry too. But, I gotta tell you, I am a little
relieved. -
No, I am
sorry, I can't do this, can't do this. We loved him. |
|
7 |
Suggest Alternative |
2 |
10 |
-
Please, no, go, that�d be fine! -
No. 'Cause you need that. No, it's okay, thanks. |
|
In all of episodes there are 90 utterances refusal, the writer
analysis each of refusal utterance and calculate with Subana (2000) theory, and
the result of the analysis exist in conclusion.
Presentation of Types and Dominant Refusal
Negate
Request����������������������� = ��� 32x 100%
= 35, 55=35%
����������������������� ���� 90
Use
Performatives������������������� = ��� 3x 100% =
3, 33= 3%
�������������� �� 90
Indicate
Reluctance����������������� = ��� 14 x 100%
= 15, 55=15%
�������������������������������������������������� ����� 90
Indicate
Impediments������������� =���� 10 x 100%
=11%
�������������������������������������������������� ����� 90
Avoid
Decision����������������������� = ��� 6 x 100%
=6.67= 7%
���������������������������������������������� ������ 90
Show
Goodwill����������������������� = ��� 17 x 100%
=18, 88 = 19%
���������������������������������������������� �������� 90
Suggest
Alternative����������������� = ��� 9x 100% =
10%
���������������������������������������������� ����� 90
Data 2
Dominant Type of Refusal Speech act in Communication
Used by Some Selected Episodes in �Friends� Drama Series, Negate Request
becomes very typical and frequently used in this analysis that used in
communication by some selected episodes in Friends drama series, because in the
�Friends� drama series refers to the straightforward performance or rejection
when refusers deny the possibility of their granting the request.� the writer find six utterances of negate
request in below that interpreted by the writer.
Conclusion
and Suggestion
Conclusion
Based
on the data analysis, it can be concluded that, this research the writer find
seven types of refusal according to Turnbull and Saxton (1997:145-181), use of
modality used by some selected episodes in �Friends� drama series with three
episodes, those are: episodes: 1: The
One Where Monica Gets a New Roommate, episode 2: The One with the Sonogram at the End, episode 3: The One with the Thumb.
They are: Negate request (35%), Use performatives (3%), Indicate reluctance
(15%), Indicate Impediments (11%), Avoid decision (7%), Show goodwill (19%) and
Suggest alternative (10%).
The
dominant type refusal speech act in communication used by some selected
episodes in �Friends� drama series is Negate Request with 35% occurrence,
because negate request become very typical and frequently used in this
analysis.
Suggestion
Language
is used for conversation and to express the speakers mind and also deliver
their ideas to whom they speak. Each speakers of language has different
interpretation about the meaning of utterance. It depends on the speaker�s
meaning and also the context where it happens. In order to successfully deliver
this intends the hearer should understand the context and the.
Speaker�s
idea; they must have the same knowledge about what they are talking about.
We
can analyze the meaning of utterance by pragmatics and speech acts because
pragmatics is a study of meaning and speech acts is a study of utterance.
The
writer also needs the correction to this study because the writer does realize
that he has limited knowledge in completing this study
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