MAINTAINING ARGUMENT IN TALK SHOW INTERACTION: A PRAGMASTYLISTIC INCLINATION OF MICHELLE OBAMA IN OPRAH INTERVIEW

This research was taken from online media in the form of a Michelle Obama interview with Oprah Winfrey. First is Oprah's 2020 vision tour talk show. The talk show led by Oprah Winfrey tends to be more serious when discussing something that also affects the style of the conversations. Second, Oprah Winfrey Hold a Conversation on the United States of Women Summit by the white house. . The method used is descriptive qualitative by analyzing several utterances in Michelle utterances. This research accompaniment three research questions by analyzing the Pragmatic feature in Michelle Obama and the stylistic feature in Michelle Obama. Then the common patterns of Michelle Obama's arguments in her interviews. The results showed that Michelle maintains her argument through a pragmatic feature with adjacency pairs consisting of Q and A, Acceptance, Recognition, Agreement, and Approval. From a stylistic perspective, Oprah uses Hyperbole, Simile, Personification, Anaphora, and Parallelism. After the research compared both Michelle's interviews on Oprah's show, Michelle often uses the Agreement pattern and some of the figures of speech. During the research, researchers found the main idea of maintaining her argument. From maintaining that argument, the researcher also found three important points from Michelle's two interviews with her audience: Maintaining dignity, the importance of focusing on yourself, keep

2006). The topic chosen is considered to be known by the public. The issue also is presented in the form of a trending topic developing in society.
In this case, the researcher chose the Oprah Winfrey show. The talk show always raises current topics to talk about. Oprah Winfrey as the host can conduct interactive and natural interviews with several sources such as ordinary people, celebrities, politicians, and even presidents.
In the study, researchers chose two Oprah Winfrey interviews. First is Oprah's 2020 vision tour talk show. The talk show led by Oprah Winfrey tends to be more serious when discussing something that also affects the style of the conversations. Second, Oprah Winfrey Hold a Conversation on the United States of Women Summit by the white house.
Researchers are interested in choosing Michelle Obama as the data object for several reasons. The first reason is dealing with the figure of Michelle Obama. She is a lawyer and writer who was the first lady of the United States from 2009 to 2017. She is the wife of the 44th U.S. president, Barack Obama. As a first lady, Michelle focused her attention on social issues such as poverty, healthy living, and education. The second reason is that she is a role model for many people. Michelle was one of the first women who have a bachelor's degree, graduate from law school and become successful. In her interviews on the Oprah program, she gets people's attention. So, she is inspiring women. Therefore, it is pleasing to analyze through conversation analysis and figurative language on the Oprah Winfrey Show, especially Michelle Obama as a guest.
From the above considerations, researchers focus on Michelle Obama's CA by answering questions, her language style, the reasons and factors that influence the choice of use strategy by Michelle Obama in her interview for analysis. The study aims to compare two Michelle Obama, with Oprah interviews. Then, the researcher will find the common patterns of Michelle Obama's arguments in her interviews.

Method
Ther study used the descriptive qualitative method. The approach used in ther study is qualitative. It is because the data obtained is in the form of speech data or written words (Roth et al., 1991). Meanwhile, ther method was chosen because it is the focus of the study, particularly describing the results of Michelle Obama's and Oprah Winfrey conversation.
In the study, researchers chose two Oprah Winfrey interviews. First is Oprah's 2020 vision tour talk show. The talk show led by Oprah Winfrey tends to be more serious when discussing something that also affects the style of the conversations. Second, Oprah Winfrey Hold a Conversation on the United States of Women Summit by the white house.Researchers took the following steps in conducting data analysis; watching the talk show on YouTube channel, replaying the talk show to understand the whole story, written into the transcript, underline and analyzing the sentence that contains the adjacency pairs dan figurative language through the pragma stylistc approach.The data for RQ1 and RQ 2 obtained is in the form of words, phrases, or sentences that required an explanation which is classified based on the aspects studied. The RQ3 focus on the common patterns of Michelle Obama's arguments in her interviews. These aspects are data that have several intended meanings that can be recognized clearly. Ther study asserts the results of the three research questions, Conversation between Michelle Obama and Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama initially talks about her book background. Oprah explained that Michelle Obama's Becoming book is one of the books that has inspired and motivated many people. So it was reaffirmed by Michelle with the word "Absolutely" which means an agreement from Oprah's previous statement. The word "Absolutely" is included in the Agreement opinion "because it is one way of claiming common ground with the hearer by looking for possible ways to agree with her. In the case, "I love my story. I love all the ups and downs and the bumps in-between" is uttered by Michelle to imply that she is making the Personification. Michelle gives the impression that she shared her situation. the word "bump" has a meaning that some of the journey of Michelle's life that feels. It also allows the listener to agree with her to satisfy the listener's desire to be right or to reinforce her point of view.

Extract 2
In ther example of strategy of expressed agreement, the statement "so what I have to keep in mind" Michelle as the speaker employ a "continuous answer" as a seek agreement strategy. Ther utterance indicating that the speaker, which is Michelle, emphasize her statement in the form of question seeking agreement on what Oprah ask to her. The next statement usually when I want to go low, it's all about my own ego. You know? It's not about solving anything" is classified into parallelism. The sentence shows a similarity. The similarity in Michelle's words means if someone can adjust their ego then they can control themselves well when something happens. Thus, ego control is directly proportional to self-control OPRAH: And it's not always easy. What I wanted to ask you about that, in ther climate where low has taken new lows, how do you maintain a high and not appear to be passive and not lose your equilibrium? Because low has gone lower. MICHELLE: Yeah. Well, because going low is easy. Which is why people go to it. It's easy to go low. It's easy to lead by fear. It's easy to be divisive. It's easy to make people feel afraid. That's the easy thing. And it's also the short-term thing.

Extract 3
In the conversation, Michelle explained that she also still feels that it is not easy to carry out the responsibility as a first lady and a mother for their children. She hoped that her children would get to know themselves. So, their children can measure themselves without external influences and think about how they want to shape their lives. Michelle stated "it's.. I don't know" as a form of recognition to make her sure by her saying because it is difficult to do. Then Oprah Winfrey is agreeing by saying "yeah" Thus, Michelle Obama reaffirms "It's exponentially difficult when you're comparing yourself with everybody on social media" through a simile figure of speech because Michelle Obama implicitly states the comparison. Comparison, in ther case, is arduous if you have to keep comparing yourself to someone on social media.

Extract 4
MICHELLE: You know? That is a very hard thing to do. And everybody should understand that as a responsibility.
OPRAH: It was hard-MICHELLE: And in ther brand culture, oh, it-it drives me crazy.
OPRAH:-it was hard with just cable TV when you're watching all the images in music.

MICHELLE: Yeah.
OPRAH: It's-I don't know. It's exponentially difficult when you're comparing yourself with everybody on social media.
OPRAH: How did you all do that in the White House where you have access to everything and everybody in the world? I think it's difficult for people, no matter where you are in your trajectory, you want to do-have a better life than your parents. You want your children to live comfortably. Everybody does. But how do you not spoil children when they have access to everything? MICHELLE: It-it was easy for us, you know, because we don't think they deserve it. You know? (Laughter.) It wasn't a difficult thing to do. You know?
MICHELLE: Not the way me and Barack were raised. I mean, first of all, you've got to have a mate that shares your values. Let's start way back with who you pick. You've got to have a good picker. Because if you all don't come to parenting with the same kind of values and understanding that stuff isn'tisn't parenting, giving kids things is not-parenting is a verb. It is an active, engaging thing.
In ther one conversation, Oprah stated that Michelle and her family have access to everything in the White House. Then, Michelle explained that even though everything seems easy but we still don't deserve it. Oprah gave a "No" response. It is where the role of Michelle's statement "I Mean, first of all ..." indicates an acceptance, to emphasize her explanation later. The phrase "parenting is a verb. It is an active, engaging thing." spoken by her implies that she makes an impression through parallelism as a strategy so that she and the listener have the same perception

Extract 5
The phrase "Put a lamp together" is uttered by Oprah to imply that she is making the impression that without Michelle Obama answering yes. Oprah gives the impression that she knows Michelle Obama's situation. So, Michelle stated "Get it all together" as her agreement. It might be concluded that the two parties seem to know and have the same perception of each other. Then followed by Michelle's "And so when you're busy with the busy stuff, you're not thinking about the emotional stuff." it shows an anaphora. In ther case, Anaphora repeats the word "busy" as the topic being emphasized by both. Therefore, the common ground is usually declared when the speaker considers herself and the listener to have the same perception.
OPRAH: Put a lamp together.
MICHELLE: Get it all together. And so when you're busy with the busy stuff, you're not thinking about the emotional stuff. So usually we then drop 'em off, get 'em in the dorm, and then we take 'em out to lunch somewhere, and that's, like, our last lunch. And when the emotions come is when we are getting in our cars and getting on a plane and leaving our babies and they're going somewhere where they will now live. That's when it hits you. It's, like, we all start choking up. It was just like, ther is the time when I know you're leaving.

Extract 6
Michelle uses the word to convince Oprah that she agrees with him. The word "Exactly" is included in the agreement because it emphasizes that the speaker shows that he and the listener have the same perceptions. In the example above, Michelle Obama "stop comparing yourself to the person walking ahead of you or behind you. Walk your walk" through hyperbole figure of speech. Michelle slightly positively exaggerated ther sentence. It has reason to struggle as to why a person can get to their highest stage. Also, how fast he has to climb the incline to achieve some success. Therefore, he also tries to motivate her listeners. Michelle's statement "I want to unpack that.." confirms the agreement. Michelle Obama uses ther sub-strategy to express her opinion without worrying that her opinion will differ from Oprah Winfrey's. Michelle Obama tries to cover her doubts with encouraging words that sound optimistic "because the more you understand their stories, their journeys, their pains, and their hurts, you get to understand who they are in a full sense. And then you judge less. And you're more empathetic" and Michelle tries to convince Oprah that she's right. In ther case, Michelle explained through the parallelism in more detail the importance of understanding each other better, especially as a public figure. Moreover, it is not easy to judge and has a high sense of empathy. In ther case, Michelle expressed "Absolutely not" as her agreement with the statement made by Oprah, that no one expected if she would become the first lady. Then Michelle continued with "because I didn't want to be influenced by how they defined the role. I knew that I would have to find ther role --(applause) --very uniquely and specifically to me and who I was." through anaphora. In ther figure of speech, he repeats the word "role" which refers to her status as the first lady. Michelle wants to be a first lady who does not want to be influenced by anyone. She wants to find her role uniquely and specifically.
OPRAH: Because nobody grows up thinking "I'm going to be a First Lady." MICHELLE: Absolutely not. And as you all know, when Barack was talking about running, I was like, are you crazy? I mean, would you just, like, chill out and do something else with your life? (Laughter.) So I was working hard to try to get him to do the other thing, so -whatever that was. So, yeah, absolutely, it wasn't something that I could have planned for, could have expected from myself. But one of the things I knew --because people asked all throughout the campaign what are your issues going to be, what are you going to be like as First Lady, and I said, I have to wait until I get there to figure out what that's going to feel like for me. I specifically did not read other First Ladies' books, because I didn't want to be influenced by how they defined the role. I knew that I would have to find ther role --(applause) --very uniquely and specifically to me and who I was.

Extract 9
The utterance "I was just cramming it all" built up Oprah's "Everything, yeah" statement. So ther shows that there is an indirect agreement with Oprah. In the conversation above, it explained that Michelle Obama also had a full-time job before becoming the first lady. Thus, she carries out all the roles, from being an associate dean to being a wife and mother. Then Michelle described through the figure of speech the personification "...that I was there and driving myself crazy". It illustrates if as if she is driving herself, following her busy.

Extract 10
In a conversation between Michelle Obama and Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama talked about how she will continue to live her position professionally and will not allow her position to be taken advantage of by some interests. So, Oprah stated that it was a value. Michelle then agreed with "That's right." as a form of acceptance. It relates to the value that Michelle has "And I think as women and young girls, we have to invest that time in getting to understand who we are and liking who we are." In ther context, Michelle uses parallelism, as a form of similarity. If women can OPRAH: We never heard, did you get that job? MICHELLE: I did. I did. OPRAH: Okay. MICHELLE: I was the vice president of community outreach for the University of Chicago Hospital. (Applause.) And I got that job because I didn't compromise. Because before getting --working at that job, I was working as an associate dean. I had had Malia, Barack was in the U.S. Senate, so I was basically mothering part time on my own, having --I had a full-time job... OPRAH: Everything, yeah. MICHELLE: --I was just cramming it all into the few hours that I was there and driving myself crazy. So I had vowed that if I continued to work, that I would never settle for part time. I knew what my time and energy was worth.
MICHELLE: I just viewed it as I'm not going to be taken advantage of. (Applause.) I am just not going to keep selling myself --OPRAH: You knew your value. MICHELLE: Value. That's absolutely right. OPRAH: You knew your value. I was just saying that to a friend recently. MICHELLE: And that goes back to knowing who you are. And I think as women and young girls, we have to invest that time in getting to understand who we are and liking who we are. (Applause.) Because I like me. I've liked me for a very long time. (Applause.) So for a long time I've had a very good relationship with myself. OPRAH: I know.
invest the time to understand themselves, then they will know what they want. Then Oprah showed amusement with Michelle and told with the word "I know" to express her appreciation for Oprah Winfrey's words. It indicated that she agreed with what Michelle said.

Extract 11
In ther conversation, Oprah asked about the figure of haters who are widely Scattered on social media and sometimes spread hate speech. Michelle spontaneously said "well" as a form of agreement to Oprah's question. Michelle also brings up the parable of the personification "there are just times I turn off the world". "Turn off the word" in ther case means that sometimes we have to get to set those phones down because social media covers what is happening all over the world. So, Michelle responds to social media wisely and hopes that the audience can have the same view as her.

Extract 12
Michelle uses that word to convince Oprah that she agrees with her. The word " Yes, Absolutely" is included in agreement because it emphasizes that the speaker shows that she and the hearer have the same perception. Through the anaphora figure of speech with the repetition of the word "still growing", Michelle explains implicitly that she and everyone else are still learning many things, so the meaning of "growing" in ther case means a learning process. From ther conversation, Michelle Obama wants to gain respect and appreciation from listeners by including them.
OPRAH: You mentioned a moment ago "the haters." How do you handle the haters, particularly in ther office, where haters have to be handled politically correctly and with discretion? (Laughter.) And I know so many people are faced with it --we know ther about social media --people say just the meanest things, and you're faced in your life with people who can tear you down a lot --the haters, hateration. MICHELLE: Well, when it comes to social media --there are just times I turn off the world, you know. There are just some times you have to give yourself space to be quiet, which means you've got to set those phones down. You can't be reading all that stuff. I mean, that's like letting somebody just walk up and slap you, you know? (Laughter.) You would never do that. You would never just sit there and go, slap me in the face and I'm good with it. No. So why would you open yourself up to that? ...

OPRAH:
But when you think about growing and being empowered yourself, it is what you've been able to do for other people that leaves you the fullest. MICHELLE: Yes, absolutely. That is really the thing. So I don't know, I don't sort of -my growth is incidental. It's the lucky gift I get for giving. And, like you said, I'm still growing. We are all still growing.

Extract 13
In her interview, Michelle stated "So" as a form of approval. Michelle Obama Intends to satisfy Oprah's positive response "yeah, I believe that" by incorporating it into the reasons. Michelle Obama tried to give motivating statements about managing expectations, Then, Michelle reiterated with " but life is long if you maintain your health, which is one of the reasons why we talk about health, talk about taking care of yourself", ther sentence identifies the figure of speech of parallelism. Ther sentence shows the equivalence of one sentence to another and is a continuation of managing expectations because life is quite difficult. So it is necessary to be able to maintain our health and ourselves too.

Extract 14
In the word "But" Michelle expresses approval, even though ther word looks like a form of contradiction but it is indicated an agreement. From the data above, it can be seen that Michelle answered questions by saying " one of the things that I've learned is that if you just flow into a pattern of life with people, they give you space to come in " with a very precise statement and without a doubt. Ther statement is matched with hyperbole. In the data, Michelle provides adequate information and MICHELLE: But one of the things that I've learned is that if you just flow into a pattern of life with people, they give you space to come in. That's happened at my kids' school and the places where I go and work out. Once people get used to the fact that you're going to be there -OPRAH: "It's the First Lady!" evidence, although it seems a bit exaggerated. Therefore, she still spreads a positive aura in her sentence.

The Common Patterns of Michelle Obama's Arguments in Her Interviews?
Based on the findings, the researcher found pragma stylistics inclination use by Michelle Obama consists of some adjacency pairs features proposed by mismatched (Schegloff, 2007) and some figurative language proposed by meaning (Arnason et al., 2004) Obama in her both interviews with Oprah Winfrey at Oprah's 2020 vision tour talk show: Michelle Obama Interview (2020) and First Lady Michelle Obama and Oprah Winfrey Hold a Conversation on the United States of Women Summit by the white house (2017), totaling 14 data. as details can be seen below. Invitation-Acceptance 1 3 Request-Granting -4 Complaint-Recognition 1 5 Blame-Acceptance -6 Opinion-Agreement 5 7 Apology-Approval -8 Greeting -9 Farewell -B. Parallelism 2 From the table above, it can be seen that in the interview both Michelle Obama and Oprah Winfrey tend to use agreement patterns more often than other patterns which consists of ten data. Meanwhile other types of figurative language which are personification, anaphora and parallelism consist of two data. In the table there is also a question and answer pattern contained in a data analysis, in ther case the researcher also includes the research results as information only, because in a talk show it is clear that all patterns are Question and Answer.

B. Hasil
After analyzing data based on the problem statements, the conclusion is drawn as follows; the research found eight strategies from ten patterns stated by (Schegloff, 2007) and meaning (Arnason et al., 2004). In the journey of the study, the researcher finds two outlines of the results which can be concluded that based on conversation analysis in Michelle Obama's interview with Oprah Winfrey. The two talk shows chosen by the researcher have almost the same topic, about the life story of Michelle Obama as a first lady, her family, and the way she motivates some of her audience to be more confident. The result brings the main idea of maintaining her argument. From maintaining that argument, the researcher also found three important points from Michelle's two interviews with her audience: Maintaining dignity, the importance of focusing on yourself, keep dreaming. The results are displayed in the chart below:

The Importance of focusing on yourself
In the second point, Michelle also slipped some statements that motivate the audience. Michelle gives a message so that the audience can focus on themselves, without feeling inferior. It can be seen from (Boyle & Michell, 2020). Michelle said that "It's-I don't know. It's exponentially difficult when you're comparing yourself with everybody on social media.The words "Its I don't know and "Well" also indicate the existence of recognition and agreement, then continued by adding statements related to focusing on yourself. In ther context, Michelle relates to the impact of social media which tends to have a bad influence on many people so that they always compare themselves to others. And finally, they do not focus on themselves. With ther statement, Michelle also uses simile and hyperbole language styles, ther strategy is used so that the audience can better understand what she is saying.

Keep Dream
Keep dreaming is one of the points that are also in the conversation between Michell and Oprah. In 2020 Michelle said that "Exactly.... stop comparing yourself to the person walking ahead of you or behind you. Walk your walk" (Franklin, 2017) Michelle said that "Well...there are just times I turn off the world, you know. There are just some times you have to give yourself space to be quiet". (Kho, Ahmed, Kashem, & Then, 2017) Michell said that "But one of the things that I've learned is that if you just flow into a pattern of life with people, they give you space to come in." Michelle used personification and hyperbole, make the audience more excited after listening to her speech.

Conclusion
If we connect ther through pragma-stylistic studies, two-way communication (talk shows) is very possible for us to explore further. Pragma-stylistic can bridge researchers to reveal a language style speech in interaction activities between speakers in different ways. Pragmatic in pragma-stylistic studies, we can focus on conversation analysis. Conversation analysis can also be viewed from adjacency pairs (such as the exemplary article), flouting maxim, maxim violence, speech act, silence, stance, etc.
Several conversation analysis features that have been explained can be selected to analyze a single piece of data. After that, we can also review it in terms of stylistics. In two-way communication such as talk shows, language style also needs to be studied. Several possibilities occur when the speaker and the interlocutor. Sometimes, they use several figurative languages to attract attention, such as hyperbole, personification, anaphora, etc.
However, it can be concluded and Michelle Obama in her interview with Oprah Winfrey uses several patterns. From a pragmatic perspective, Michelle uses adjacency pairs consisting of Q and A-Acceptance-Recognition-Agreement-Approval. From a stylistic perspective, Oprah uses Hyperbole-Simile-Personification-Anaphora-Parallelism. When compared to Michelle's two interviews on Oprah's show, Michelle often uses the Agreement pattern and some of the figures of speech that have been mentioned previously.). In the journey of the study, the researcher finds two outlines of the results which can be concluded that based on conversation analysis in Michelle Obama's interview with Oprah Winfrey. The two talk shows chosen by the researcher have almost the same topic, about the life story of Michelle Obama as a first lady, her family, and the way she motivates some of her audience to be more confident. The result brings the main idea of maintaining her argument. From maintaining that argument, the researcher also found three important points from Michelle's two interviews with her audience: Maintaining dignity, the importance of focusing on yourself, keep dreaming. This strategy is widely used by Michelle Obama to minimize the distance between them by expressing friendliness and a strong interest in the hearer's need to be respected. Oprah Winfrey and Michelle Obama, both give the impression to each other that they have the same desire. So, it shows closeness and good relations to minimize the social distance between the two of them.