Syntax Literate : Jurnal Ilmiah
Indonesia p–ISSN:
2541-0849
e-ISSN : 2548-1398
Vol. 4, No. 1 Januari 2019
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THE FUNCTION AND MEANING OF AFFIXATION OF
BESEMAH LANGUAGE: AN EFFORT TO UNDERSTAND THE UNIQUENESS OF LOCAL LANGUAGES
Fitriani Nurhalimah
Sekolah Tinggi Keguruan
dan Ilmu Pendidikan (STKIP) Persis Bandung
Email: fitriani.nurhalimah92@gmail.com
Abstrak
This title of this research is The Function and Meaning of Affixation of Besemah Language:
An Effort to Understand the Uniqueness of
Local Languages. The research is aimed to describe the function
and meaning of morpheme in Besemah Language. The object of this research is the
dictionary of Besemah Language by Dr. Sutiono Mahdi, M.Hum. The method of this
research is descriptive qualitative method. The
writer uses the theory of Mahdi (2012:93). The
result of this research shows that the
function of morpheme mostly divided into two types. First is the morpheme
creating verb. They are prefix N-, prefix be-, prefix te-, prefix di-, suffix
–ku, suffix –i, suffix –lah, simulfix N-....-ka, simulfix di-......-i. Then the
mopheme creates noun. They are preffix pe-, se-, suffix –an, simulfix ke-.....-an
and simulfix pe-.......-an. Then the meaning of each morphemes are different.
The morpheme also has a various meaning mostly when its function creates verb,
the meaning are doing, having, using, producing, emphaizing, ordering to do,
telling something from the past, telling the event. Eventhough the affixes
attached are similar, yet it depends on the root attached. Meanwhile the
morpheme which its function creates noun, the meaning are person who likes,
person who have characteristic, showing a place, things or tools.
Keywords: Morpheme,
affixes, preffix, suffix
Introduction
Language as a thing that is used to
express the idea, feeling and emotion, and reflect what’s on people mind and it
must be meaningful also has a function as well. By language, people can
communicate and fullfill their necesity. People can get knowledge. In modern
era, language seems very crucial to control and reach what people’s aim. In
fact, language can be extinct if there is none of users. UNESCO stated in Mahdi
(2011) that it is about 147 languages
have been extinct in Indonesia. Why and how comes?
As known, Indonesia is rich of cultural
heritage included local languages. The diversity in Indonesia give us chance to
know and learn various local languages. It is also besemah language that is one
of local language in Indonesia, Pagar Alam. Besemah language still exist yet
the users of this languages is fewer time by time.
In this research, the writer attempt to
analyze and investigate Besemah language as a local language. The writer
focuses on the function and meaning of Besemah morpheme. It is limited by
questions: 1) What are the meaning of the various morpheme found in Besemah
Language dictionary .2) What are the function of the various morpheme found in
Besemah Language dictionary?
The object of this researh is Besemah
Dictionary from Dr. Sutiono Mahdi M.Hum. Hopefully this research can ease
people to learn about Besemah language as cultural heritage that should be
preserved.
Methodology
In order to have a clear research, the writer uses qualitative through
descriptive method. According to Sukardi (2009: 157), descriptive method is
research method that tries to describe and interpret the object based on the
real situation of that object (Best, 1982: 119). While according to Fraenkel
and Wallen (1993:23), descriptive method is a method used to explain, analyze
and classify something through various techniques, like survey, interview,
questionnaires, and observation. The purpose of descriptive method is to
describe current condition without being influence by a writer.
Result and Discussion
The result as follow: There are several affixation
in Besemah language and it has various function and meaning.
A.
Prefix (-N)
In besemah language, prefix (-N) is a common used. It is put on previous
root. The function of its prefix is verbalization for instance the root tepi becomes nepi. Prefix (-N) changes the function from noun into intransitive
verb, and it also changes the meaning from side
becomes move to side or going to side. So, the prefix (–N) in that root means going
to. It differes from the meaning of
prefix (-N) in ngaum from the root aum which means producing sound aum.
B.
Prefix (-Be)
Prefix (-be) is existed in besemah language. It must be put on previous
root. The function of its prexis is verbalization for instance prexif (-be) in begerubak from the root greubak which means using.
C.
Prefix (-ke)
Prefix (-ke) is one of the prefix in besemah language, that has function
nominalization or level of degree for instance the root due becomes kedue, tige becomes ketige.
D.
Prefix (-pe)
Prex (-pe) is existed and common used in besemah language. The function
its prefix is nominalization. Several meaning from prefix (-be) is being or
agent such as someone who likes, some who did, for instance the root ajagh becomes pengajagh, the prefix (-pe) has meaning someone who did teach.
E.
Prefix (-te)
Prefix (te-) is existed in Besemah Language and its function is
verbalization. One of the meaning from prefix (te-) is to show something that
has been done, or continued for instance the root bunuh becomes tebunuh.
The word tebunuh means it has been killed. In addition, prefix (te-) shows the
expression of spontanity or unintention for instance the root kantuq becomes tekantuq. It means unintentionally.
F.
Prefix (-se)
Prefix (-se) is also common used in Besemah Language. Mostly prefix (-se)
has nominalization function. The various meaning of prefix (-se) are determined
for showing the same things in used for instance the root ghumah becomes
seghumah. Prefix (se-) also means a single unit for instance butiq becomes sebutiq.
G.
Prefix (-ku)
Prefix (-ku) is used in Besemah Language for verbalization in passive
form for instance the root ajung
becomes kuajung, baduk becomes kubaduk.
H.
Suffix (-i)
Suffix (-i) is common used in Besemah Language for verbalization. Hence,
there are several meaning from suffix (-i). First, the meaning is giving
something to someone for instance the root sakit becomes sakiti. Second meaning
is for adding something for instance the root besaq becomes besaqi.
Then, suffix (-i) is also used to show the meaning of frequency for instance
the kuciq becomes kuciqi that means frequently peel.
I.
Suffix (-ka)
Suffix (-ka) is used in Besemah Language for verbalization. One of the
meaning from suffix (-ka) is being for instance the root luput becomes luputka.
J.
Suffix (-an)
Suffix (-an) is common used in Besemah Language for nominalization. There
are several meaning of the suffix (-an). First is to show result for instance
ajagh becomes ajaghan, susun becomes susunan. Second, the meaning of suffix
(-an) is to show equipment for instance ayaq
becomes ayaqan, saring becomes saringan. Then suffix (-an) is used to show the place for instance kawe becomes kawean, kubang becomes kubangan.
K.
Suffix (-lah)
In Besemah Language, suffix (-lah) is verbalization in imperative form. The
meaning of suffix (-lah) is asking or ordering someone to do something for
instance the roor liliq becomes liliqlah, the root belit becomes mbelitlah or
the root kecap becomes kecaplah.
L.
Suffix (-e) / enye
Suffix (-e)/ enye is used in Besemah Language for nominalization. The
meaning of suffix –e or enye is to emphasizement for instance the root adapan becomes adapane, the root tamu
become tamunye.
M.
Infix (-el, -em, -er)
In Besemah Language, infix is existed. There are three infix that is
commonly used and it has various meaning. The first is showing frequency or a
large number of quantities for instance getak becomes gemeretak, gunung bcomes
gemunung.
N.
Simulfix (N-.....-i)
Simulfix (N-.......-i) is commonly used in Besemah Language for
verbalization. There are several meaning from the simulfix (N-.......-i) that
has been known. First, the meaning of simulfix (N-........-i) is doing
something for instance the root abang
become ngabangi, the root iluq becomes ngiluqi. Second, the meaning of simulfix (N-.......-i) is giving
for instance atap becomes ngatapi, the root ayiq becomes ngayiqi.
O.
Simulfix (N-..........-ka)
Simulfix (N-......-ka) is also commonly used in Besemah Language for
verbalization. There are various meaning of simulix (N-.....-ka). As following
the data, one of the meaning from
simulfix (N-.....-ka) is causative
action or causing something for instance the root angat becomes ngangatka, the
root supit becomes nyupitka.
P.
Simulfix (be-.........-an)
Simulfix
(be-.........-an) is also commonly used in Besemah Language for verbalization.
The meaning of simulfix (be-.......-an) is having for instance the root bataq becomes bataqan, the root tanam
becomes betanaman. In addition,
simulfix (be-......-an) also means mutually action for instance the root impit becomes beghimpitan, the root kepit
becomes bekepitan.
Q.
Simulfix (di-.........-i)
Simulfix (di-........-i) is mostly used for verbalization in passive
form. One of the meaning is given for
instance the root gule becomes guleghi, the root atap becomes diatapi.
R.
Simulfix (di-.....-ka)
The function of simulfix (di-.......-ka) is same as the previous one. It
is for verbaization in passive form. There are several meaning of simulfix
(di-.....-ka) tht has been known. First, the meaning is for doing something in
passive form that has already done for instance the root ibat becomes diibatka,
the root ambang becomes diambangka. Second, the meaning is making in passive
form (depend on the root) for instance the root kain becomes dikainka, the root
saput becomes disaputka.
S.
Simulfix (ke-..........-an)
Simulfix (ke-........-an) is existed in Besemah Language as
nominalization. The first meaning is something that has been done for instance
the root berekat becomes keberakatan, the root bulat becomes kebulatan. The second meaning is to show something over, for
instance the root libagh becomes kelibaghan, malam becomes kemalaman.
Then the meaning simulfix (ke-.......-an) is also having characteristic for
instance abang becomes keabang-abangan, itam becomes keitam-itaman.
T.
Simulfix (pe-............-an)
Simulfix (pe-......-an) is existed in Besemah Language as nominalization.
The meaning is result from the action for instance ase becomes peghasean or gawih becomes penggwihan. In addition the simulfix (pe-......-an) also stating
the place for instance the root adu
becomes peghaduan, the root jale becomes penjaleghan.
U.
Simulfix (se-........-an)
Simulfix se- ........-an exists in Besemah Language as verbalization.
There are several meaning of the simulfix se-.....-an. First is showing
reciprocalization activity for instance the root tulung becomes setulungan.
Second is showing the same thing for instance the root mance becomes semancean.
V.
Simulfix (se-...........-e/enye)
Simulfix se-......-e exists in Besemah Language. The existence of the
simulfix has function as adverbalization or to make the root into adverb for
instance kendaq becomes sekendaqe or sampai becomes sesampaiye. The
meaning of the simulfix (se-......-e/enye) is depending on for instance the
root kedar becomes sekedare. In addition the meaning of
simulfix (se-.......-e/enye) is showing the action in the same time for
instance the root baliq becomes sebaliqe, the root sampai becomes sesampaiye.
Then the meaning of simulfix is also express the most, for instance the root anjam becomes seanjame, the root dalam
becomes sedalame.
Conclusion
As following the data, the writer
concludes two main points: that the function of affixation mostly divided into
two types. First is creating verb or verbalization. They are prefix N-, prefix
be-, prefix te-, prefix di-, suffix –ku, suffix –i, suffix –lah, simulfix
N-....-ka, simulfix di-......-i. Then there are affixation creates noun or
nominalization. They are preffix pe-, se-, suffix –an, simulfix ke-.....-an and
simulfix pe-.......-an. Then the meaning of each morphemes are different. The
morpheme also has a various meaning mostly when its function creates verb, the
meaning are doing, having, using, producing, emphaizing, ordering to do,
telling something from the past, telling the event. Meanwhile the morpheme
which its function creates noun, the meaning are person who likes, person who
have characteristic, showing a place, things or tools.
References
Aarts, Bas and Mc. Mahon. The
Handbook of English Linguistics. UK: Blackwell Publishing.
Booij,
Geert. 2005. The Grammar of Words. Oxford:
Oxford University Press.
Carstairs and Mc Carthy. 2002. An Introduction to English Morphology: Words
and Their structures.
Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Plag,
Ingo. 2002. Word Formation.
Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.
Mahdi,
Sutiono. 2011. Bahasa Besemah 1. Bandung: Uvula Press.
Mahdi,
Sutiono. 2011. Kamus Base Besemah. Bandung : Uvula Press.