Syntax Literate : Jurnal Ilmiah
Indonesia p–ISSN:
2541-0849
e-ISSN : 2548-1398
Vol. 4, No. 2 Februari 2019
AN ANLYSIS
OF PHONETIC RULES ON JAVANESE ENGLISH PRONOUNCIATION IN JOKOWI’S SPEECH OF APEC
2014
Misyi Gusthini
Abstrak
This
title of this research is An Anlysis of Vowel
and Consonant Rules on Javanese English Pronounciation in Jokowi’s Speech of
APEC CEO summit 2014. The mini research is aimed to answer two points: How the President sounds any vowel and consonant rules
of English in his speech of APEC CEO summit 2014? And what accent mostly use by President, is it British
English or American English. The writer knows that the
consonant is divided into voicing, place of articulation, and manner of
articulation. The object of this mini research is Jokowi’s pronounciation,
while as we know that Jokowi well known as the president of Indonesia who come
from Solowhich part of Java Island. Jokowi’s pronounciation will get influenced
from java accent since he was the origin javanese. This analysis also show how
Jokowi speech in English languag,in context of APEC 2014. Based on the
analysis, the result shows that the manner of articulation, like aspirated, and
some of [v] [z] [æ] are not
pronounced well by him, and mostly the pronouncition that produced by Mr.
President in British accent. The
writer uses the theory of vowel and consonant rules from Fromkin (9th edition),
and to check the sounds the writer use the oxford
dictionary.
Keywords: Pronounciation,
Consonant Rules, Accent, Javanese English.
Introduction
Language is a tool for people to communicate each other. The first thing that we need when want to
have any communications is, we have to know how to
pronounce the language itself. (Fromkin,
2009,
p. 189), when you know
a language you know the sounds of
that language, and you know how to combine those sounds into words. Means that
to know how the right sounds is the first thing that we have to learn as social
creature before we know how to make our communications is effective. When
language is used, but the speaker pronounce the word incorrectly the
interpreter or the hearer will misunderstands with the real meaning of the
words. The knowledge that learns about how to spell or to know the right sounds
produce by our organ of speech is called as Phonology. According to (Fromkin,
2009,
p.189) Phonetic is the
study of speech sounds, while phonetic is part of phonology. The focuses of
this study is how the system of or mouth will produce any different sounds, and
if it is used in any words correctly will have different meaning in each of
them. (Katamba,
1997, p.104) Phonetics is spesifically the study of how speech sounds produce,
what their physical properties are, and
how they are interpreted.
Phonology, on the other hand, is the study of the distribution of sounds in a language
and the interaction between those different sounds.
Variants of sounds can we find in so many place, even in our daily. Like
we know that, Indonesia has so many languages, from their tribe like Palembangnese, Javanese, Sundanese,
Lampungnese, and others. Each of the tribe has their
own traditional languages, but Indonesia has a national language, it
is
Bahasa. When people
growth up in one place and in their daily, they use any traditional language,
of course the shape of their tongue will accustomed with their traditional
language, so when they tries to use other language it’s impact the sound of
language. Example is when Javanese people tries to talk in English language the sounds
of [d]
in their origin will not disappear directly, and may the intonation also
influence by Javanese language. To
see this case, we can found it in our environment if we have any friends who
comes from different island, or any occasion like in television, conversation,
also speech.
Here the writer tries to analyse the pronunciations of Javanese that the
writer get from our honourable president, Jokowi in
his speech of APEC CEO Summit in 2014. Like we know
Jokowi is originally come from Solo and growth up in that
place with traditional language of Java. The writer tries to analyse how Jokowi pronounce any vowel and consonant in English.
From explanation above, the writer will analyses with the problems
formulation: How the President sounds any vowel and consonant rules of English
in his speech of APEC CEO Summit 2014? And what accent mostly use by President, is it British
English or American English?
Dealing with the problem formulation that will be discussed, there
are two objectives of
the studies.
First, to give portrayal
of the vowel and consonant
rules usage that are produced by Jokowi in his
speech APEC CEO summit 2014. Second, to see the tendency of the most used accents between
British and American English that are used by Javanese.
Theoretically, this research will give contributions towards linguistic
science particularly phonology. Practically the usage of this analysis, the society can use the right sounds
even words, because they may know if they pronounce it wrongly, so the meaning
also will change.
This research focuses on vowel and consonant rules that appear in Jokowi’s speech APEC CEO summit in
2014. Here the vowel and consonant rules is
following based on Fromkin (2009)‘s theory.
Theoritical
Framework.In analyzing the data,
the researcher uses the
concept of phonology, because to identify the sounds of vowel and consonant
with the rules is part of phonology fields. The study of speech sounds is
called phonetics (Fromkin, 2009, p.190).
Vowel and Consonant Rules
Consonants
In IPA (International Phonetic Alphabet), the difference of alphabet is not about alphabet but
the sounds of each alphabet, every alphabet has itsown
sounds. Consonants divided into 3 parts; there are voicing, place of
articulation, and manner of articulation.
Ø
In
voicing there are aspirated and unaspirated with the
alphabet [p], [t], [k].
Ø
In
place of articulation, Fromkin classifies consonants according to where in the vocal tract the airflow
restriction occurs. A movement of the tongue and lips creates the constriction,
reshaping the oral cavity in various ways to produce the various sounds. There
are:
·
Bilabials
[p] [b] [m] when we produce a [p] [b] [m] we articulateby
bringing both lips together.
·
Labiodentals
[f] [v] we also use our lips to form [f] [v] we articulate these sounds by
touching the bottom lip to the upper teeth.
·
Interdental
[θ]
[ð] these sounds, both spelled th are pronounced by inserting the tip of the tongue between
the teeth.
·
Alveolars [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
all of these sounds are pronounced with the tongue raised
in various ways to the alveolar ridge.
·
Palatals [ʃ] [tʃ]
[j] [ʒ] [dʒ] the construction occurs by racing the front part of the tongue
to the palate.
·
Velars [k] [g] [ŋ] the class of sounds is produced by raising the back of
the tongue to the soft palate or velum.
·
Uvulars[R] [q] [G] Sounds are
produced by rising the back of the tongue to the uvula.
·
Glottals[h] [ʔ] the sound of [h] is from the flow of air through the
open glottis, and past the tongue and lips as they prepare to pronounce
a vowel sound, which always follows [h].
Ø
The
last is manner of articulation
The manner of articulation is the way the airstream is
affected as it flows from the lungs and out of the mouth and nose.
·
Stops/Plosive
[p] [b] [m] [t] [d] [n] [k] [g] [ŋ] [tʃ] [dʒ]. Stops are consonant which the air stream is
completely blocked in the oral cavity for a short period.
·
Fricative [f] [v] [ð] [θ][s]
[z][ʃ][ʒ][x] [y] [h] in the production of some continuants, the air
flow is so severelyobstructed that it causes
friction, and the sounds are therefore called fricatives.
·
Affricates [tʃ] [dʒ] these sounds are produced by a stop closure
followed immediately by a gradual release of the closure that produce an effect
characteristic of a fricatives.
·
Liquids [l] [r] in the production of the sounds these,
there is some obstruction of the airstream in the mouth, but not enough to
cause any real constriction or friction.
·
Glides [j] [w] we can found this is you [ju] and we [wi].
Produced with little obstruction of the airstream.
·
Clicks these “exotic” sounds are made by moving air in
the mouth between various articulators, like occurs in
Xhosa.
So if I try to make the scheme of theoretical
framework is became like this
CONSONANTS
Consonontal
sounds are made with a narrow or complete closure in the vocal tract. The
airflow is either blocked momentarily or restricted so much that voice is
produced as air flows pass the constriction (William O Grady (1998:17)
Stops Fricatives Affricates Liquids Glides Clicks VOICED Bilabials Labiodentals Interdental Alveolars Palatals Velars Uvulars Glotals MANNER
OF ARTICULATION PLACE
OF ARTICULATION VOICING
VOICELESS 1. ASPIRATED 2. UNASPIRATED
Vowels
In vowel, there are monophtongs,and diphthongs. A diphthong
is present in the phonetic
inventory of many languages, including English.
In high
front position there is [i] [ɪ]
In high back rounded vowel there are [u] [ʊ]
In mid between front and central there is [e] [ε]
In mid central [ə]
In mid back rounded vowel [o] [ɔ]
In low there is [æ]
In low back rounded vowel [a]
However to
check the right pronounciation, the writer use Cambridge Dictionary software,
where there are the sounds of vocabularies in British and American accents.
Methodology
The method of research is the way or the tools that later on will helps us
in answer the problem formulation. Sugiyono in (Aprilia,
2011,
p.18) stated that “method of
research is scientific way to get data for ones aim
and purpose”. This chapter will explain the method, data and data source, data
collecting technique, and data analyzing technique
used to explain how the uses consonant rules by Jokowi
in his speech in APEC CEO summit 2014.There are two kinds of data, primary data
and secondary data, but here the writer only use primary data because there is
co secondary data. The data of this analysis is the utterances produced in
Jokowi’s speech in APEC CEO Summit 2014 video.
Meanwhile the data source is
the videoof Jokowi’s speech
APEC CEO Summit 2014.
Data Colleting Technique is the way researcher gets or collects the data. The writer uses internet
research method. There are some stages. First, finding the video of Jokowi’s
speech and downloaded it. Second, looking for the
text of Jokowi’s speech. The
third, making the phonetic
transcription one by one of words that produce by Jokowi.
The fourth, checking the
right pronunciation from Jokowi’s speech.
Fifth, analysing which
part of pronunciations that pronounce by Jokowi that
have a wrong in consonant rules. Sixth, checking the analysis based on theory by Fromkin. The last, concluding the result of analysis.
Data Analysis Technique. There are some stages done such as interpreting
stage, analyzing
stage and evaluating stage as follow:
1. The Interpreting Stage
In interpreting stage, the researcher decides how the
vowel and consonants uttered by Jokowi in his speech. This step function is to convince the
researcher that what she hears is included in her objectives of the study or
analysis.
2. The Analyzing Stage
In analyzing stage, after
the researcher decides the vowel and consonant rules, the researcher try to
compare it with the right one, and concludes which accent that is
mostly used by Jokowi, following based on Yule theory.
3. The Evaluating Stage
To make sure that
the writer’s judgement is correct based on the theories and her
objective of the study or analysis, she evaluates all stages she did before.
This is important step to conclude the analysis which are figures out.
Discussion
Phonetic divided into vowels and consonants, while in consonants there
are3 parts. They are
voicing, place of
articulation, and manner of articulation. Here the writer tries to analyse the Jokowi’s speech APEC CEO Summit 2014 focuses on vowels and
consonants that produces by him.
|
Words |
Jokowi’s pronounce |
Right pronounce |
Accent |
What is change? |
|
First |
/fəst/ |
/fəsth/ |
British |
There should be aspirated |
|
On |
/on/ |
/on/ |
British |
- |
|
behalf |
/bıhaf/ |
/bihalf/ |
British |
Loss the alveolar [l] |
|
Indonesian |
/indonesian/ |
/indonesian/ |
American |
- |
|
government |
/gΛfəmən/
[n] stop |
/gΛfəmənth/ [th] |
British |
There should be aspirated |
|
And |
/εn/ |
/εn/ |
British |
End with stop |
|
The |
/ðə/ |
/ðə/ |
British |
- |
|
people |
/pipəl/ |
/pipəl/ |
British |
End with liquid |
|
Of |
/of/ |
/of/ |
British |
End with fricative |
|
I |
/ai/ |
/ai/ |
British |
- |
|
would |
/wʊld/ [d] (alveolar) |
/wuð/
[ð] (interdental) |
British |
The alveolar [l] not use. |
|
Like |
/laik/ |
/laikh/ |
British |
There should be aspirated |
|
To |
/tʊ/ |
/tʊ/ |
American |
- |
|
thank |
/teŋ/
[t] (alveolar) |
/θeŋk/
[θ] (interdental) |
British |
Velar plosive |
|
You |
/ju/ |
/ju/ |
British |
- |
|
For |
/for/ |
/for/ |
american |
End with liquid |
|
Your |
/jur/ |
/yo/ |
British |
The liquid not use |
|
coming |
/kΛmiŋ/ |
/kΛmiŋ/ |
British |
End with velar stop |
|
My |
/maɪ/ |
/maɪ/ |
British |
- |
|
presentation |
/pərsəntεʃion/
[s] |
/prəzəntεʃion/
[z] |
British |
It must be /pre/ not /per/ |
|
Today |
/tuðei/ |
/tʊðei/ |
British |
The vowel is not high |
|
I’m |
/aɪm/ |
/aɪm/ |
British |
End with bilabial stop |
|
happy |
/hepɪ/ |
/hæpɪ/ |
British |
Should be in low vowel |
|
Be |
/bi/ |
/bi/ |
British |
- |
|
among |
/əmoŋ/ |
/ə maŋ/ |
British |
[o] must be [a] |
|
with |
/wɪt/
(alveolar) |
/wɪθ/ (interdental) |
British |
It must be fricative |
|
because |
/b’kos/
[s] |
/bɪkoz/
[z] |
British |
Unclear in /bi/ |
|
know |
/nɔw/ |
/now/ |
British |
It should be in middle vowel |
|
Was |
/wəs/ |
/wəs/ |
British |
fricative |
|
A |
/ə/ |
/ə/ |
British |
- |
|
businessman |
/bɪssɪsmen/ |
/bɪz
nɪsmən/ |
British |
He loss
the [z] |
|
years |
/jərs/ |
/jεrs/ |
British |
It should be between mid and
low vowel |
|
Ago |
/ əgo/ |
/əgo/ |
British |
- |
|
So |
/so/ |
/so/ |
British |
- |
|
This |
/ðis/ |
/ðis/ |
British |
End with fricatives |
|
very |
/feri/ |
/veri/ |
British |
It should be voice |
|
Can |
/kεn/ |
/kæn/ |
British |
End with velar stop |
|
Talk |
/tɔk/ |
/tokh/ |
British |
Must be aspirated and middle
rounded vowel |
|
about |
/əbot/ |
/ ə bouth/ |
British |
Must be diphthong and
aspirated |
|
business |
/bɪsnɪs/ |
/bɪz
nɪs/ |
British |
It should be voice |
|
investment |
/ɪnfεsmən/ |
/ɪn vεsmenth/ |
British |
Must be voice and ended with
aspirated |
|
with |
/wɪð/ |
/wɪð/ |
British |
- Ended with fricative |
|
All |
/ɑːl/ |
/ɑːl/ |
American |
- Ended with liquid |
|
The |
/ ðə/ |
/ ðə/ |
British |
- |
|
picture |
/pɪktʃə/ |
/pɪk.tʃə / |
British |
- |
|
shows |
/so/ |
/ʃəʊ/ /ʃoʊ/ (british)
(american) |
- |
There should be palatal /ʃ/ and the vowel
should be /əʊ/ or /oʊ/ |
|
Our |
/aʊə/ |
/aʊə/ |
British |
- |
|
map |
/mep/ |
/mæp/ |
British |
The vowel /e/ should be /æ/ (low) |
|
We |
/wi:/ |
/wi:/ |
British |
- |
|
have |
/hep/ |
/hæv/ |
British |
The vowel /e/ should be /æ/
(low) |
|
population |
/populeʃɪən/ |
/pɒp.jʊˈleɪ.ʃən/ |
British |
It lost /jʊ/ sound |
Conclusions
After conducting this analysis, the writer cans
answer the problem
formulation. Firstly, the writer can identified that the president have several
mistakes in manner of articulation, like aspirated[h], and some of [v] [z] [æ] are not pronounced well by
him and sound [ə] so often became [o]. The writer concludes that because the president does
not have any linguistic knowledge before. Pronunciations that are produce by Mr. President mostly in British’ accent. It means that local Javanese are easier talk in
English in British accent than American accent.
References
O’
Grady, William & Dobrovolsky, Michael, & Katamba, Francis. 1997. “Contemporary
Linguistic”. London; New York: Longman
Fromkin,
Victoria & Rodman, Robert & Hymas, Nina. 2009. “An Introduction to Language.” Los
Angeles: University of California.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sgozXcI_fc0. downloaded at Saturday, 5.12.2015 at 10.42
a.m
http://www.kompasiana.com/abd.ghofaralamin/naskah-pidato-spektakuler-jokowi-di-forum-apec_54f3e259745513932b6c824d. downloaded on Saturday, 5.12.2015 at 11 am.