Hubungan Latihan Fisik dan Umur Panjang: Tinjauan Terhadap Eksersin Sebagai Agen Anti-Penuaan

Weni Rakhmayanti Maulida; Ni Nyoman  Ayu Dewi

doi:10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i12.62632

Weni Rakhmayanti Maulida Universitas Udayana
Ni Nyoman Ayu Dewi Universitas Udayana

DOI: https://doi.org/10.36418/syntax-literate.v10i12.62632

Keywords: AMPK-SIRT1, Eksersin, Latihan Fisik, Longevity, Penuaan

Abstract

Penuaan adalah proses biologis kompleks yang ditandai dengan penurunan fungsi tubuh serta peningkatan risiko penyakit kronis. Secara konsisten, latihan fisik terbukti menjadi intervensi efektif untuk memperlambat penuaan dan meningkatkan masa hidup sehat (healthspan) serta umur panjang (lifespan). Salah satu mekanisme utama efek protektif latihan fisik adalah melalui pelepasan eksersin, molekul bioaktif yang disekresikan oleh berbagai jaringan seperti otot rangka (miokin), hati (hepatokin), jaringan lemak (adipokin), tulang (osteokin), dan sistem saraf (neurokin). Artikel tinjauan ini merangkum hubungan antara latihan fisik, eksersin, dan mekanisme anti-penuaan serta mengeksplorasi jalur molekuler yang diaktifkan. Eksersin seperti irisin, IL-6, IL-15, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), adiponektin, dan fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) berperan dalam mengaktifkan jalur molekular anti-penuaan, termasuk AMP-activated protein kinase-sirtuin1 (AMPK-SIRT1), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1?), autofagi, dan telomerase. Aktivasi jalur ini meningkatkan metabolisme energi, memperbaiki fungsi mitokondria, mengurangi peradangan kronis (inflammaging), serta meningkatkan regenerasi jaringan dan neuroplastisitas. Dampak fisiologis ini secara kolektif meliputi perbaikan komposisi tubuh, peningkatan sensitivitas insulin, proteksi kardiovaskular, dan pemeliharaan fungsi kognitif usia lanjut. Oleh karena itu, latihan fisik dapat berperan sebagai terapi molekuler yang memicu mekanisme biologis untuk mendukung penuaan yang sehat. Lebih lanjut, pemahaman tentang eksersin membuka peluang pengembangan terapi mimetik latihan fisik yang potensial dalam mencegah penyakit terkait usia.

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