Pendekatan Bottom Up dalam Pemenuhan Hak Lingkungan sebagai Hak Asasi Manusia: Studi Kasus RT 08 RW 04, Malaka Jaya, Jakarta Timur
Abstract
Hak atas lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat merupakan bagian dari hak asasi manusia yang dijamin Pasal 28H ayat (1) UUD NRI 1945 serta diperkuat pengakuan universal PBB pada 28 Juli 2022 mengenai hak atas lingkungan yang bersih, sehat, dan berkelanjutan. Namun, realitas menunjukkan pemenuhan hak tersebut belum dirasakan merata, antara lain karena implementasi kebijakan yang kerap dominan bertumpu pada pendekatan top-down sehingga tidak selalu selaras dengan dinamika kebutuhan komunitas. Penelitian ini menganalisis pendekatan bottom-up (X) sebagai jembatan atas kesenjangan implementasi dalam pemenuhan hak lingkungan sebagai hak asasi manusia (Y) melalui studi kasus komunitas RT 08 RW 04 Malaka Jaya, Jakarta Timur. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif yang dipadukan dengan pendekatan empiris ringan, melalui studi kepustakaan terhadap regulasi terkait (UUD 1945, UU 32/2009, Permendagri 18/2018, Pergub DKI 22/2022) serta observasi lapangan terhadap praktik warga. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa inisiatif komunitas yang dipimpin Ketua RT dan didukung partisipasi warga menghasilkan inovasi berbasis kerangka triple bottom line (people, planet, profit), seperti penguatan akses air bersih, pengelolaan sampah, penghijauan, dan program bernilai ekonomi. Praktik tersebut menegaskan masyarakat dapat berperan sebagai subjek aktif yang memiliki kapasitas dan kepentingan langsung terhadap lingkungan, tanpa menggeser kewajiban utama negara. Kesimpulannya, pendekatan bottom-up berfungsi efektif sebagai penguat implementasi hak lingkungan dan sebagai jembatan antara norma hukum dan realitas sosial pada level komunitas.
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