Imunopatogenesis Alergi Makanan Onset Dewasa
Abstract
Alergi makanan yang muncul pada usia dewasa merupakan kondisi klinis yang semakin banyak dikenali dan menghadirkan tantangan diagnostik dan terapeutik karena mekanisme imunologisnya yang kompleks, yang ditandai dengan perkembangan reaksi alergi terhadap makanan yang sebelumnya dapat ditoleransi, pada individu berusia ≥ 18 tahun. Alergi makanan yang muncul pada usia dewasa dapat melibatkan mekanisme imun yang dimediasi IgE, non-IgE, atau campuran, dengan manifestasi klinis mulai dari gejala mukokutan ringan hingga anafilaksis yang mengancam jiwa. Imunopatogenesis alergi makanan yang muncul pada usia dewasa terutama didorong oleh kegagalan toleransi imun oral akibat disregulasi homeostasis imun mukosa. Dalam kondisi fisiologis, antigen makanan diproses oleh sel dendritik CD103+ di saluran pencernaan, yang mendorong toleransi imun melalui induksi sel T regulator yang dimediasi oleh transforming growth factor-β dan asam retinoat. Pada kondisi patologis, disfungsi sawar epitel di usus dan kulit meningkatkan paparan antigen, menginduksi pelepasan alarmin yang berasal dari epitel, termasuk interleukin-25, interleukin-33, dan limfopoietin stroma timus. Sinyal-sinyal ini mendorong aktivasi sel limfoid bawaan tipe 2 dan polarisasi respons T-helper 2, dengan interleukin-4 bertindak sebagai mediator kunci yang mendorong peralihan kelas sel B menuju produksi IgE spesifik makanan. Hipotesis paparan alergen ganda lebih lanjut menjelaskan bagaimana sensitisasi melalui sawar epitel yang terganggu, khususnya pada individu dengan dermatitis atopik dan paparan oral dini yang tidak mencukupi, dapat berkontribusi pada persistensi sensitisasi alergi hingga dewasa. Diagnosis bergantung pada riwayat klinis yang rinci, bukti sensitisasi, dan konfirmasi melalui uji tantangan makanan oral sebagai standar emas diagnostik. Penanganan meliputi penghindaran alergen, edukasi pasien, pengobatan darurat, dan strategi imunoterapi.
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