Introduction
The
study of smart cities has been a popular topic in the last decade, along with
the demands for sustainable development in various countries (Kozłowski
& Suwar, 2021); (Mundada
& Mukkamala, 2020). A smart city is an ideal and
sustainable city planning concept in dealing with various problems that arise
in urban areas due to increased urbanization phenomena (Trindade
et al., 2017); (Kim,
2022); (Yigitcanlar
et al., 2019); (Myeong
et al., 2022); (Zheng
et al., 2020). These problems then impact
urban communities' social, economic, and environmental life (Degrazia
et al., 2018). Therefore, developing smart
cities can improve people's lives and environmental sustainability (Liu
et al., 2022).
���������� The
smart city concept is diverse and broad (Albino
et al., 2015). This concept incorporates some
characteristics, components, and dimensions that are considered to reflect the
definition of a smart city (Desdemoustier
et al., 2019) and its development goals (Kozłowski
& Suwar, 2021). A city that is said to be
smart can be characterized by using Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in its infrastructure and public services to improve the community's
quality of life through good and participatory governance (Kozłowski
& Suwar, 2021). Based on this definition, a
bottom-up approach is needed in a smart city development strategy (Prakash
& Chakrabarti, 2019). In addition, by developing a
smart city, a city can also increase economic growth, create a sustainable
urban order, and get a conducive environment (Yeh
et al., 2017); (Lees
et al., 2014).
���������� DKI
Jakarta is the pioneer of smart cities in Indonesia. The development policy for
DKI Jakarta as a smart city has been initiated since 2014. Since then, the DKI
Jakarta Government has carried out various innovations supported by Information
and Communication Technology (ICT). The innovation goals are to improve public
services, encourage sustainable development, and overcome emerging urban
problems like congestion, flooding, and high population growth (Guerrero-Prado
et al., 2020). Through developing a smart
city that continues to grow until now, the Provincial Government of DKI Jakarta
hopes to improve the quality of life for the people in the city.
The achievement of improving the quality of life in the development of smart city in DKI Jakarta can be evaluated based on indicators of happiness which are part of welfare measures (Kupiec & Wojtowicz, 2022); (Ballas, 2013). Happiness can be viewed objectively in evaluating policies for smart city development (L. Zhu et al., 2022). This evaluation attempts to see whether the policy implementation follows the objectives set (Ghazinoory et al., 2021). Therefore, through policy evaluation, it can be seen whether the policy outcome's value has been obtained (Dunn, 2018).
���������� Based
on data from the Central Statistics Agency (BPS), the happiness of the people of
DKI Jakarta has decreased. This condition is reflected in the happiness index
as a subjective measure of well-being towards objective conditions in various
domains of human life (Gendler
& Valenzuela, 2021). The index consists of life
dimensions, namely the dimensions of life satisfaction, the dimensions of
feelings, and the dimensions of the meaning of life.
���������� In
2021, the value and ranking of the DKI Jakarta people's happiness index
decreased compared to conditions in 2017. In 2017 the DKI Jakarta happiness
index reached 71.33 and was in 19th position out of 34 provinces. Meanwhile,
DKI Jakarta's happiness index for 2021 is 70.68 and is in 27th position out of
34 provinces.
���������� The
decline in the value and ranking of the DKI Jakarta happiness index in 2021
indicates that the goal of developing a smart city in DKI Jakarta still needs
to be fully achieved. The Government of DKI Jakarta has made various
innovations by developing digital infrastructure to change the city's order for
the better (Syalianda
& Kusumastuti, 2021). However, the development that
the DKI Jakarta Government has carried out has not been able to create complete
happiness for the community, so it is necessary to find out the causes by
evaluating the implementation of this policy.
���������� Evaluation
of smart city development has only begun to become a topic of scholars in
recent years (Y.
Wang et al., 2021). Research evaluating the impact
of smart city development on the social conditions of society still needs to be
carried out (Sahi
et al., 2020). The social impact can be in
the form of community happiness as a value to be achieved in developing a smart
city.
���������� Several
previous studies regarding the link between smart city development and people's
happiness have been carried out by Zhu et al.(2022), Visvizi
& Lytras (2021), and Zakzak
(2019). These studies emphasize that
developing a smart city can increase people's happiness. Zhu et al. (2022) assessed smart city development
to increase people's happiness in the City of Manchester by using the
characteristics of the Happiness Driven Smart City (HDSC). The assessment was
conducted by interviews with several informants and proved effective in assisting
policymakers in understanding the status quo of smart city development in the
City of Manchester. Meanwhile, Visvizi & Lytras (2021) researched sustainable smart
cities and made happiness an essential agenda in future research. Other
research has also been carried out by Zakzak (2019), who explores how the
development of a smart city in Dubai can increase the happiness of the people
in the city.
���������� A
happily smart city can be seen based on the criteria of the Happiness Driven
Smart City (HDSC) perspective as proposed by Zhu et al. (2022).
HDSC�s perspective is built on the synthesis of the various dimensions of the
smart city and the definition of happiness. The conceptualization of the
development of the HDSC perspective is as follows in Figure 1.
Figure
1
Conceptualization
of HDSC Perspective
Source: (L. Zhu et al., 2022)
Based on Figure 1, it can be shown that the criteria for a happily smart city according to HDSC characteristics are (L. Zhu et al., 2022):
1. A
City with Efficient and Green Physical Infrastructure
There are 3
(three) factors considered to describe these characteristics, namely mobility,
energy, and public utilities. The mobility factor refers to the convenience and
comfort of the community in mobilizing because of the integration of the
transportation system while still paying attention to environmental
sustainability (Perras et al., 2017).
This concept can be seen through the navigation system in smart cities, efficient
and sustainable transportation services, bike-sharing, and car-sharing
services. Meanwhile, the energy factor refers to a management system equipped
with ICT to control energy use reliably, efficiently, low carbon, and monitored
in real-time (Batty, 2012).
Furthermore, the public utilities factor refers to the existence of smart
utilities in facilities that provide clean water, proper sanitation, and waste
disposal equipped with ICT to improve environmental hygiene and public health (H. Wang et al., 2021);
Lee et al (2020).
Examples of these concepts are smart water management and smart sanitation
systems.
2. A
City with Labor Friendly and Innovative Economy
There are 3 (three) factors that are considered to describe these characteristics, namely employment, innovative spirit, and entrepreneurship. The employment factor refers to the availability of employment opportunities and protection of labor rights amidst the development of digital technology as it is today (Chen et al., 2020); (Healy & Barry, 2017). Meanwhile, the innovative spirit factor refers to the spirit of collaboration between the community, the private sector, and the government to make social changes in overcoming problems and increasing economic growth. Furthermore, the entrepreneurship factor refers to the existence of a driver for innovation and economic growth so that it can create new products, jobs, and companies (Huggins & Thompson, 2015); (Kuada, 2015).
3. A
City with Inclusive and Attractive Society
There are 4 (four) factors considered to describe these characteristics, namely education, health, safety, and culture and leisure. The education factor refers to the opportunity to obtain an education that anyone can enjoy anytime and anywhere in technological developments (Burbules et al., 2020). Meanwhile, the health factor refers to providing health services for disease prevention and health promotion supported by ICT to make it more efficient (Teng et al., 2022). Furthermore, the safety factor refers to the availability of a safe environment for the community equipped with integrated and responsive security technology so that criminal acts and other crimes can be handled immediately (Hartmann et al., 2017). The culture and leisure factor refers to digitizing cultural content and recreational activities that are easily accessible and shared with anyone in the digital ecosystem (Fanea-Ivanovici & Pană, 2020); (Silk & Stern, 2016).
4. A
City with Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Natural Environment
There are 2 (two) factors that are considered to describe these characteristics, namely air quality as well as pollution and waste treatment. The air quality factor refers to the existence of an air quality system equipped with ICT so that it can be monitored in real-time to control air pollution. Meanwhile, the pollution and waste treatment factor refer to the existence of a waste management system accompanied by ICT so that problems arising from waste pollution can be handled properly.
���������� The
strength of this research is evaluating smart city development policies in DKI
Jakarta in creating people's happiness. The policy evaluation was carried out
using the criteria on HDSC characteristics as developed by Zhu et al. (2022). Through this research,
policymakers can create even better strategies oriented to the community's
interests in developing a smart city in DKI Jakarta. In addition, this research
can also add to the body of knowledge in evaluating smart city development
policies in other cities. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the mechanism
for creating happiness in life in the smart city of DKI Jakarta.
Research
Method
���������� This study uses a positivist
approach. The reason for using the positivism approach is that the authors use
the theory of HDSC characteristics as an analytical instrument in explaining
the condition of a happily smart city. According to Neuman
(2014), the positivism approach is closely related to
using various social theories to explain a phenomenon.
���������� The collection of research data was
carried out through document tracing and the use of secondary data. Document
tracking is carried out on various accredited government documents and
scientific articles. Meanwhile, secondary data was collected from the Central
Statistics Agency (BPS), DKI Jakarta Environment Agency, Numbeo, as well as
social media content and official government websites related to smart cities
in DKI Jakarta. After the data is collected and compiled, it is processed to be
presented in tables and graphs.
���������� Data analysis was carried out by
describing the strategy and output of developing smart city in DKI Jakarta. The
first thing to do in data analysis is to identify and describe the smart city
development strategy in DKI Jakarta that is in the Regional Medium Term Development
Plan (RPJMD) 2017-2022 according to the HDSC characteristic criteria. After
that, the researcher described the innovative use of ICT to achieve the
strategic objectives. The next step is for researchers to analyze the output of
each strategy using secondary data. Based on the strategy analysis, ICT
utilization innovation, and the resulting output achievements, the authors then
provide an evaluation of the implementation of each smart city development
strategy that has been carried out using criteria on HDSC characteristics.
Results and Discussions
A City with
Efficient and Green Physical Infrastructure
1.
Mobility Factor
DKI Jakarta already has a
strategy for developing an integrated transportation system facilitated by ICT
to increase sustainable economic growth and the community's quality of life.
This strategy is carried out to provide convenience and comfort for the
community to mobilize. The implementation of this strategy is supported
byJakLingko's innovations which have been developed since 2018 until now.
JakLingko's innovation is
a transportation system that utilizes big data technology. This innovation can
integrate payment systems, fares, and routes on several types of public
transportation modes in DKI Jakarta. The types of integrated transportation are
trains provided by MRTJ, LRT (Jakpro), KCI, and Railing, Bus Rapid Transit
(BRT), and microbus. The
ease of use of integrated public transportation can increase the percentage of
public transportation users in DKI Jakarta. This condition can be seen through
the achievements of using public transportation by the people of DKI Jakarta to
travel, based on Figure 2 below.
Figure
2
Target
and Realization of People Traveling Using Public Motorized Vehicles (Percent)
Source:
LPPD DKI Jakarta, 2021
In 2019 there was an
increase in the percentage of public transportation users in DKI Jakarta
compared to 2018. However, in 2020 the percentage of public transportation
users in DKI Jakarta decreased drastically due to Large-Scale Social
Restrictions (PSBB) to prevent the spread of the Covid-19 virus. Furthermore,
in 2021 there will be another increase in the percentage of public
transportation users in DKI Jakarta.
However, the achievement
of using public transportation in DKI Jakarta is always below the predetermined
target. One of the reasons is the lack of comfort and safety in public
transportation. Only 72.87 percent of public transportation users feel safe and
comfortable with the existing infrastructure (Agni et al., 2021).
The need for more comfort and safety in public transportation has still become
a challenge for DKI Jakarta to realize a happily smart city.����������
In addition, another
challenge for DKI Jakarta in realizing a happily smart city through the
mobility factor is the need for more availability of sustainable public
transportation. Based on a survey conducted on public transportation users in
DKI Jakarta, it can be seen that only 51.9 percent of public transportation is environmentally
friendly (Agni et al., 2021).
Most of the public transportation in DKI Jakarta still needs to use
environmentally friendly gas fuel. Therefore, in realizing a "green"
transportation system, the DKI Jakarta Government needs to increase the number
of public transportation modes that use environmentally friendly fuels.
2.
Energy Factor
The DKI Jakarta
Government already has a strategy to control energy so that it can be used
reliably, efficiently, and low in carbon. This strategy is carried out by
reducing the level of carbon emissions. Reducing carbon emissions is then
carried out by encouraging low-carbon transport, optimizing emission tests, and
energy efficiency.
In terms of using ICT to
control energy use due to community activities, the DKI Jakarta government has
been supported by JakEmisi's innovation. JakEmisi's innovation has so far been
able to check emissions results, find locations for emission tests, and order emission
tests for two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles. Through JakEmisi, the
community can conduct emission tests for their vehicles.
However, JakEmisi's
innovation is limited to providing information on controlling energy use in the
transportation sector. The transportation sector is the primary energy user,
with energy requirements of 47.4% of the total energy in DKI Jakarta in 2018
(DKI Jakarta Environment Agency, 2019). The high energy consumption in the
transportation sector results in higher CO2 emissions from fuel oil.
Efforts to control energy
use through reducing carbon emissions by the Government of DKI Jakarta have
shown promising results. Until 2020, the level of carbon emissions in DKI
Jakarta has decreased from 2018. The development of the level of CO2 carbon
emissions produced is as follows in Figure 3 below.
Figure
3
Level
of Carbon Emissions in DKI Jakarta 2017-2020
(Thousand
Tonnes of CO2-Eq)
Source
: DKI Jakarta Greenhouse Gas Emission Inventory, 2017-2020
Even though CO2
carbon emissions have decreased in 2019 and 2020, the DKI Jakarta Government
needs to increase attention to controlling energy use to make it more
efficient, reliable, and low carbon. The DKI Jakarta government needs to
monitor the energy used in real-time through ICT so that control can be carried
out as early as possible. This monitoring is in the transportation sector and
various sectors such as power plants, manufacturing, commercial, household, and
other sectors.
3.
Public Utilities Factor
In providing public utilities
such as clean water facilities and proper sanitation for the community, DKI
Jakarta has carried out various strategies. DKI Jakarta already has a strategy
to improve proper sanitation, with one of the targets being to expand the scope
of clean water services. This strategy is carried out to overcome the problem
of the availability of clean water in DKI Jakarta so that all levels of society
can enjoy it.
However, the entire
population of DKI Jakarta has yet to be able to enjoy the clean water provided
by the government. Based on table 1,
most of the primary water sources for DKI Jakarta residents come from the
borehole. Meanwhile, only 33-35 percent of people use piped water provided by
the government as their primary water source.
Table
1
Primary
Water Sources of DKI Jakarta Residents In 2018-2021
|
Main Sources Of Water |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
|
(1) |
(2) |
(3) |
(4) |
(5) |
|
Refill Bottled Water |
4.45 |
0 |
0.00 |
0.00 |
|
Tap Water |
35.64 |
34.06 |
35.11 |
33.69 |
|
Borehole |
57.81 |
61.47 |
62.70 |
64.67 |
|
Protected/Unprotected Well |
1.94 |
4.46 |
2.17 |
1.64 |
|
Other |
0.12 |
0.01 |
0.02 |
0.00 |
����������������������� Source : BPS 2018-2021
The high use of boreholes
as a primary source of water needs to be paid attention to by DKI Jakarta
Government to realize sustainable development. The large withdrawal of
groundwater by the DKI Jakarta residents has caused intensive scouring on the
surface of the ground rock and subsequently caused subsidence in the soil
surface in DKI Jakarta (Rahman et al., 2018).
Therefore, the Government of DKI Jakarta needs to provide smart water
management in fulfilling the community's water needs by using ICT, such as
using artificial intelligence, to provide quality assurance and the
availability of clean water for the community (Lee et al,. 2013).
A City with Labor Friendly and
Atrractive Economy
1.
Employment Factor
The DKI Jakarta
government has set a strategy to expand employment by developing a smart city.
This strategy was carried out as an effort by the Government of DKI Jakarta to
reduce unemployment by providing job opportunities for all its people. In
realizing this strategy, the DKI Jakarta Government's efforts have been
supported by ICT innovations.
The JakNaker innovation
is an innovation that utilizes ICT to address unemployment problems. This
innovation can prepare superior and competitive Human Resources (HR) in the
industrial sector, improve DKI Jakarta's economy through Micro, Small, and
Medium Enterprises (MSMEs), and create jobs. However, providing employment
opportunities in DKI Jakarta, along with technological developments in the
current era of disruption, still needs to be solved by the government. This
condition can be seen based on the conditions in Figure 4. DKI Jakarta's Open
Unemployment Rate results from 2018 to 2021 have always been above the set
target. Therefore the DKI Jakarta government needs to determine the right
policy for people's job opportunities in this city despite the development of
digital technology.
Figure 4
Target and
Realization of the Open Unemployment Rate in DKI Jakarta in 2018-2021 (Percent)
Source: LKIP DKI Jakarta, 2020
Apart from that, the DKI
Jakarta government also needs to protect labor rights which are often neglected
in realizing a happily smart city. Advances in digital technology have resulted
in no work-life balance and time limits for workers to do work (Noval et al., 2021).
The absence of protection for the "digital" workforce can cause them
to get high levels of stress in their life.
2.
Innovative Spirit Factor
DKI Jakarta
has planned to develop innovation for its people to increase the productivity
level of various groups. This innovative spirit is realized through the
government's collaboration
with various elements of society and the private sector to overcome social
problems and increase economic growth. The collaboration space is called Plus
Jakarta. This collaboration space can also facilitate the community and the
private sector to share information, ideas, and roles to collaborate in
realizing DKI Jakarta as a happy city.
There are
several forms of collaboration carried out by the DKI Jakarta Government with
the private sector, including the following:
a. Collaboration in
calculating carbon emissions for daily activities as a form of education to the
public to reduce emissions.
b. Collaboration to
digitize Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises MSMEs.
c. Collaboration in the
distribution of aid to be faster, more precise, and efficient.
d. Collaboration to improve
mobility in Jakarta.
e. Collaboration to
improve city security.
f. Collaboration in
providing a wifi network.
g. Collaboration in
facilitating online schools.
The Provincial Government
of DKI Jakarta highly supports the spirit of collaboration by various groups of
actors. In 2020, the provincial government established the identity of Jakarta
as a Collaborative City through Governor Regulation 58 of 2020 concerning City
Branding of Jakarta. Through this collaboration with various groups of people,
the Government of DKI Jakarta seeks to present a developed city inhabited by
happy people.
3.
Entrepreneurship Factor
DKI Jakarta has planned a strategy for
fostering entrepreneurship through business development for MSMEs. The
entrepreneurship development strategy is supported by ICT innovation, namely
JakPreneur. This innovation provides various services for the people of DKI
Jakarta to do business. The services provided are business development
training, business assistance from mentors, provision of capital assistance,
information on the convenience of business licensing programs, and marketing of
MSME products.����
The achievements of MSME development by the
DKI Jakarta government can be seen based on indicators of increased
entrepreneurship, as shown in Figure 5 below. From 2018 to 2019, the
achievement of increasing entrepreneurship was below the set target. However,
in 2020, there will be a significant
increase in entrepreneurship and exceed the set targets. This figure shows that
entrepreneurship in DKI Jakarta is increasingly progressing amid the Covid-19
pandemic, as in Figure 5 below.
Figure 5
Targets and Realization of Entrepreneurship Improvement in DKI
Jakarta in 2018-2020
Source: LKIP DKI Jakarta, 2020
City with Inclusive and Attractive Society
1. Education Factor
DKI Jakarta has guaranteed access and quality education services for all
its people. In realizing this goal, DKI Jakarta carries out various educational
service programs. The educational service programs are the early childhood
development program and community education, the 12-year compulsory education
program, the education quality improvement program, the teacher and education
staff development program, and the educational facilities and infrastructure
development program. The achievement of guaranteed access and quality education
services for all people in DKI Jakarta can be seen in the indicators of average
and expected years of schooling, as in Figure 6 below.
Figure 6
Mean and Expected Years School in DKI
Jakarta in 2018-2021 (Years)
Source: LKIP DKI Jakarta, 2020
Based on Figure 6, it can be seen that the mean and
expected years of school in DKI Jakarta have continuously increased from 2018
to 2021. In 2021, the mean years of school in DKI Jakarta reached 11.17 years,
and the expected years of the school reached 13.07 years. The achievement of
this means years of school can be interpreted that the population aged 25 years
and over in DKI Jakarta has completed education up to grade 12 at Senior High
School. Meanwhile, the achievement of expected years of school can be
interpreted as the minimum education that 7-year-old children in DKI Jakarta
will obtain is up to Diploma One (D-I).
In providing access and quality education services
that can be accessed anywhere, anytime, and by anyone since the Covid-19
pandemic, DKI Jakarta has done various things. DKI Jakarta has innovated to collaborate with Sekolahmu in providing
free access to students so that they can access educational content as learning
media. In addition, DKI Jakarta has also built a Siap Belajar portal as a
support system in implementing online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Online learning support in Jakarta is not only
carried out by the government. The private sector also supports providing
access and quality educational services that can be accessed anywhere, anytime,
and by anyone commercially. Therefore, online education opportunities in DKI Jakarta are wide open for various groups.
However, the quality of online education in DKI
Jakarta is still challenging because it is considered ineffective. This
ineffectiveness is caused by the lack of ability to understand learning materials, the ability to use ICT facilities, students'
interest in taking lessons, and the background of parents who accompany the
learning process (Nurlaela & Nopriana, 2022); (Supriyatin & Asih, 2021).
Therefore, on the education factor, it can be seen
that DKI Jakarta has expanded access and quality education services for each of
its citizens that is done conventionally. However, DKI Jakarta still has challenges
that need improvement in providing quality online education. The provision of online education that can be accessed by
anyone, anytime, and anywhere is currently still considered ineffective due to
several inhibiting factors.
2. Health Factor
DKI Jakarta has established
a strategy to provide health services to all its citizens in disease prevention
and health promotion. Through this strategy, DKI Jakarta seeks to improve
integrated, innovative, and sustainable health services to improve public
health quality. The implementation of this strategy is supported by innovations
that utilize ICT in delivering health services.The innovation made to address
health sector problems in DKI Jakarta through the use of ICT is JakSehat.
The efforts of the DKI
Jakarta government to improve the quality of health that can reach the entire
community have shown promising results. This result can be seen in the
life-expected age indicator for DKI Jakarta. The achievements of DKI Jakarta's
life-expected has increased from 2018 to 2021 as seen in Figure 7 below.
Figure 7
The Life-Expected Age of DKI
Jakarta Residents in 2018-2021 (Years)
Source : BPS, 2021
DKI Jakarta's life-expected age
achievement cannot be separated from the health improvement program run by the
DKI Jakarta Government.
3. Safety Factor
DKI Jakarta has set a strategy to become a livable
city with ICT-based security facilities. This strategy is an effort to realize
smart living in DKI Jakarta. In its development, DKI Jakarta
realizes Jakarta Safe City by focusing on public safety, health services, the
digital world, and infrastructure.
The DKI Jakarta government has made innovations in
collaboration with the private sector to improve security for its people. The
innovation is JakAman. This innovation is an emergency response application
accompanied by ICT so that people can report crimes or ask for help from the
authorities.
An overview of the level of security in DKI Jakarta
can be seen based on the city's crime rate figure, which Numbeo has released.
This crime index describes the level of all crimes in a particular city or country. The index has a value from 0 to 100.
The crime rate category in DKI Jakarta is moderate
and shows an increasing trend based on Figure 8. DKI Jakarta is a city with a
low level of security. This condition is caused by the level of security for
traveling at night in DKI Jakarta is still in the low category. From Numbeo
data for 2022, the safety level for the people of DKI Jakarta for traveling at
night is 34.73 (low category). Meanwhile, the level of security for the people
of DKI Jakarta for traveling during the day is 65.70 (high category).
Figure
8
Crime Rate of DKI Jakarta in 2018-2022
Source : Numbeo,
2022
Compared to other cities in
the world, DKI Jakarta's security ranking is in position 287 out of 422 cities in 2022. DKI Jakarta's security is still far behind
compared to 286 other cities worldwide. Therefore, to realize a happily smart
city in DKI Jakarta, the city's security needs to be improved by the Government
of DKI Jakarta.
4. Culture and Leisure Factor
The DKI Jakarta government
has facilitated its people to obtain tourism information that can be accessed
by anyone so that it becomes a livable city. In its development, DKI Jakarta
has set a strategy so that anyone can enjoy tourism in DKI Jakarta. One of
these strategies is the application of Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality.
In developing this strategy,
DKI Jakarta has made several innovations in realizing digital tourism. The
innovation is to build the Jakarta Virtual Tour. In the Jakarta Virtual Tour,
people can travel virtually to enjoy green open spaces in DKI Jakarta and
explore the beauty of the Thousand Islands. People in DKI Jakarta can get this
facility through the Jakarta Smart City website.
The Jakarta Virtual Tour is
carried out through the 3600 Virtual Tour. However, the Jakarta
Virtual Tour tourist destinations available on the Jakarta Smart City (JSC)
website are still limited. The destinations for the Jakarta Virtual Tour
available on the JSC website are as follows:
a.
Small Tidung Island
b.
Pulau Bidadari
c.
Tebet Eco Park
Therefore, the DKI Jakarta
Government needs to increase the number of Jakarta Virtual Tour locations both
through the website and on social media so that the people of DKI Jakarta can
use them in their spare time.
In addition to developing
the Jakarta Virtual Tour, the DKI Jakarta government has digitized cultural
content so that the public can use it to fill their spare time through a
digital library. Digital library is one form of effort in digitizing culture (Fanea-Ivanovici &
Pană, 2020). The digital library is known as JakLitera.
JakLitera is an application built to integrate various DKI Jakarta
government libraries. Through this application, people can borrow library
collections anywhere and anytime. Therefore, with JakLitera, it is hoped that
the public's interest in reading the books provided by the DKI Jakarta library
will increase. Based on BPS data, in 2018 and 2021, the percentage of people
who visit the library still needs to be at least five percent. In 2018 there
was 4.22 percent of the people of DKI Jakarta visited the library. Meanwhile,
in 2021 only 2.02 percent of the people visited the library. The government's
restrictions on community activities due to the Covid-19 pandemic caused a
decline in library visitors in 2021
A
City with Eco-Friendly and Natural Environment
1.
Air Quality Factor
One of the goals of
developing a smart city in DKI Jakarta is to improve the quality of the
environment so that the city becomes livable and environmentally friendly. In
achieving this goal, DKI Jakarta innovates to provide information on air
quality through JakISPU. The public can monitor air quality conditions in 5
(five) administrative areas with the DKI Jakarta Environment Agency's air
sensors.
Based
on the air quality monitoring results in DKI Jakarta by the Jakarta Environment
Agency in Table 3, the number of days in the unhealthy category was the highest
in 2018 and 2019. However, in 2020 the number of days in this category has decreased.
From 2020 to 2021, the number of air quality days in the moderate category is
more dominant than the other categories. This figure shows that the air quality
in DKI Jakarta has improved.
Table
2
Number
of Days According to Air Quality Category in DKI Jakarta 2018-2021
|
Category |
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
|
Good |
11 |
2 |
29 |
6 |
|
Moderate |
140 |
172 |
244 |
220 |
|
Unhealthy |
187 |
183 |
90 |
139 |
|
Very Unhealthy |
27 |
8 |
3 |
0 |
|
Dangerous |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Source : DKI Jakarta Environment Agency, 2022
DKI
Jakarta's air quality improvement since 2020 has also been affected by the
government's restrictions on community activities
due to the Covid-19 pandemic. However, in 2021 when the activity restriction
policy was relaxed, the number of days with moderate category air quality
decreased while the unhealthy category increased. This condition needs
attention from the DKI Jakarta government so that air quality in this city
continues to improve even though community activities have slowly returned to
normal since 2021.
2. Pollution and Waste Treatment Factor
DKI
Jakarta has a strategy to optimize waste management in an integrated and modern way. This strategy is part of the smart environment dimension.
The realization of this strategy is carried out through the innovation of
Digitalisasi Penanganan Sampah. As a new program running in early 2022, the
innovation carried out by the DKI Jakarta Government is an effort to optimize
waste management in an integrated, effective, and efficient manner based on
ICT. In addition, the Digitalisasi Pengangan Sampah program can also be a forum
for collaboration between various groups to overcome waste problems.
Figure 9
Targets and Realization for Reducing Waste Volume in 2018-2020
in DKI Jakarta (Percent)
Source : LKIP DKI Jakarta, 2020
������� Based on Figure 9, it can be seen that the achievement of
reducing waste volume in DKI Jakarta in 2019-2020 is below the set target. The
target of reducing waste has yet to be achieved, causing DKI Jakarta's
pollution level to worsen. This condition is illustrated by the increase in the
value of the pollution index sourced from Numbeo. The pollution index is
compiled based on the level of air pollution, water pollution, and other
pollution factors. Based on Numbeo data from 2018 to 2021, the DKI Jakarta
pollution index has increased by 2.51 points. In 2021, DKI Jakarta's pollution
index reached 84.32, while in 2018 the pollution index value was 81.81 points.
Therefore, an effective policy on waste management by the Government of DKI
Jakarta is urgently needed to reduce the level of environmental pollution in
this province.
Conclusion
����������� In
general, the smart city development mechanism that the Government of DKI
Jakarta has carried out has yet to meet the HDSC characteristic criteria, so
the happiness of living in this city cannot be fully created. Based on the
evaluation, there are two criteria where all the supporting factors are not
following the characteristics of HDSC. The criteria are "A City with
Efficient and Green Physical Infrastructure" and "A City with
Sustainable and Eco-Friendly Natural Environment." Meanwhile, in the
criteria of "A City with Labor Friendly and Innovative Economy" and
"A City with Inclusive and Attractive Society", at least one factor
in each criterion under HDSC characteristics in realizing DKI Jakarta as a happy
city.
�����������
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