Syntax Literate: Jurnal
Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol.
8, No. 6, June 2023
CIVIL SOCIETY, PUBLIC SPHERE AND THE
REGULATION OF MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND CULTURE NUMBER 30 OF 2021
Krisnaldo Triguswinri,
Hartuti Purnaweni, Budi Puspo Priyadi
Diponegoro
University, Semarang, Indonesia
E-mail: [email protected]
Abstract
Keywords: Permendikbud 30/21, Sexual Harassment, Civil
Society, Public sphere.
Introduction
The enacted of Prevention
and Handling Sexual Harassment Regulation is inseparable from the contribution
of civil society groups in advocating issues of sexual harassment and
encouraging the institutionalization of violence in the form of policies. The
struggle of civil society in advocating and amplifying sexual harassment issue
has been going on for a long time and consistent. It consists of women
activist, labour unions, and academics.
Civil society uses
public sphere as a formation basis of public opinion in intervening and
encouraging policy formation efforts. Public sphere which becomes a space for
conversation, Simon de Beauvoir (2003),
regarding the �women situation�, is not only filled with women involvement, but
also men role. There are not only organizations gathered fight for justice and
gender equality, but also organizations which were not directly connected with
the issue.
National
Commission on Violence Against Women (Komnas
Perempuan) (2019)
conducted a survey which showed that of the 16 universities in Indonesia
involved, there are 1,011 cases of sexual harassment (Violence
Against Women, 2019).
In the same year Tirto.id and Jakarta Post and Vice Indonesia (2021)
conducted investigative research on various indications of violence and
harassment cases occurred at universities in Indonesia with the output, there are
174 cases of sexual harassment at 79 universities in 29 cities in Indonesia.
The report shows that sexual harassment perpetrators are the academic
community, consisting of teaching staff and fellow students. These violent
incidents occurred not only within the university, but also takes place in
activities outside the campus.
On November 15th
2021, Tempo (2021)
published a report for public that based on the survey data from Director
General of Ministry of Education and Culture, it was found that 77% of sexual
harassment cases happened in college, but 60% of them did not report the cases.
The HopeHelps Institution, which is an initiative of
students and academics at Universitas Indonesia that works to provide
fast response services and functions to prevent sexual harassment in campus,
released data that in period of 2020-2021 there are 31 reports of violence and
harassment in Universitas Indonesia. 31
reports consist of rape, attempted rape, sexual slavery, physical and verbal
sexual harassment, and online-based sexual harassment (HopeHelps,
2021).
�In 2016, Lentera Sintas Indonesia in collaboration with Magdalene.co
reported that 90% of sexual harassment victims refused and never filed a complaint
against law enforcement (Magdalene,
2016).
The Central Bureau of Statistics in 2017 published the results of national
survey which described that 1 in 3 Indonesian Women had been sexual harassment
victims (Central
Bureau of Statistics, 2017).
Throughout 2018, National Commission on Violence Against Women released the amount
of violence against women is 406,178, in 2019 and 2020, National Commission on
Violence Against Women reported back annual records of sexual harassment of
299,911 cases throughout 2020 (National Commission on Violence Against Women,
2018;2019;2020), whereas the annual record report published on March 5th
2021 (Violence
Against Women, 2021)
shows that there have been 1,309 cases of violence in dating relationship. Domestic
Violence (DV) occupies the first position with 6,480 cases (Triguswinri,
2022)).
According to WHO (World Health Organization), at global level from 2000 to
2018, at least 852 million women aged of 15 years and over had experienced
physical violence and sexual harassment perpetrated by a partner or non-partner
(WHO,
2021).
Table 1
The Number of
Sexual Harassment Cases From 2018 � 2021
Based on National
Commission on Violence Against Women
|
The Realm of sexual harassment |
Number of sexual harassment cases
per year |
|||
|
|
2018 |
2019 |
2020 |
2021 |
|
Personal Realm |
2,988 cases (31%)- second highest after physical
violence (41%) |
2,807 cases (25%)- second highest after physical
violence (43%) |
1,938 cases (30%)- second highest after physical
violence is 2,025 cases (31%) |
6,480 cases, second highest after physical violence |
|
Public/ Community Realm |
The highest type of violence, with 2,521 cases |
The highest type of violence, with 2,070 cases |
The highest type of violence, with 962 cases |
The highest type of violence, with 1,309 cases |
Source: maintained
by researrchers
In constitutional
law of Indonesia, there are several legal regulations which regulate criminal
acts of sexual harassment. First, Indonesian Criminal Code. Second, Law Number
23 of 2002 concerning on Child Protection. Third, Law Number 23 of 2004
concerning on Elimination of Domestic Violence. Fourth, Law Number 21 of 2007
concerning on Eradicating the Crime of Trafficking Persons. Based on advocacy
and research conducted by the Service Providers Forum (Sigiro
& Takwin, 2021),
these regulations are relatively weak in terms of prevention and protection
aspects for survivors of sexual harassment and are insignificant in responding
to the massive problem of sexual harassment occurring against women. The
regulations above only concentrate on general aspects of criminal cases, such
as rape and obscenity. Implicitly, sexual harassment has various complexities,
such as physical, psychological and symbolic violence, as well as economic and
social based violence (Triguswinri,
2021).
Based on various sexual
harassment cases by national commission on violence against women (Komnas Perempuan),
there are a lot of gender-based violence without law. These sexual harassments
included: sexual exploitation, sexual harassment, forced abortion and
contraception, forced marriage and prostitution, forced sexual slavery and
sexual torture (Violence
against Women, 2021).
The law above is
not accommodative in serving the needs of sexual harassment victims, so the new
regulations are needed to accommodate the sexual harassment case in a
comprehensive sense. This is imprinted in Ministerial Regulation of Prevention
and Handling Sexual Harassment - not only giving sanctions to the violence and
harassment perpetrators � The Ministerial Regulation of Prevention and Handling
Sexual Harassment also prioritizes the fulfilment of survivors� rights and how
the harassment victims are healed and regain their primary rights as part of
academic community and as citizens.
In previous research, several researchers argued that public
sphere as a space for community participation can be a very influential
approach in policy decision-making process (Nanz
& Steffek, 2004; Mintroom, 2004; Rondinella, 2015; Han, 2014),
while the other researchers argue that public sphere is important informal
space which connects people�s democratic rights with the process of making
policies regarding to public wants (Clemens,
2010; Dale, 2015; Levasseur & Diana B, 2001).
Research Methods
Research approach in this paper uses qualitative approach, with data
collection technique in the form of interviews. Object of the interviews in
this study included the National Commission on Violence against Women, the
Republic of Indonesia House of Representatives (DPR RI), the Republic of
Indonesia Service Providers Forum, HopeHelps at Universitas Diponegoro, and the
task force of Prevention and Handling Sexual Harassment at Universitas Indonesia. The informants in
this study are integrally correlated with the process of establishing a Policy
on Prevention and Handling Sexual Harassment in colleges both formally
represent the government and informally represent the society�s aspiration.
Results and Discussion
The
Regulation of Ministry of Education and Culture Number 30 of 2021
The new regulation
made by the government which regulates the Prevention and Handling Sexual
Harassment in College has been stipulated in Ministry of Education and Culture
Regulation Number 30 of 2021. Efforts to strengthen the prevention of sexual
harassment in college or university in handling sexual harassment by using
assistance, victim recovery, protection, and sanctions administration is the
purpose of issuing this regulation (Virgitasari & Irawan, 2022).
There are factors which underlined the identification by the victim and the
acceptance of sexual harassment act received, such as shaming, confusion,
blaming the victim by others, and victim being placed as the �guilty one� such
as the clothes worn, different personal life and life style, instead of
investigating the harassment act, self-blaming, having sense of guilt about
what happened, shaming, denial, minimizing or defence mechanisms (Ratih et al, 2018).
All of those action
taken by against women as well as self-disturbance of harassment victims causes
psychological fear which then attacks them physically is a simple understanding
of sexual harassment perpetrated on women (Sari,
2017).
Sexual harassment is a sexual act through physical touch or non-physical touch
with the target of victim�s sexuality or sexual organs, according to National Commission on Violence against Women
(Komnas Perempuan)
through an academic text on Draft law concerning on the Elimination of Sexual
Harassment.
Sexual Harassment
Acts are kinds of whistling, words contain sexual elements, flirting, sexual
desire, showing something pornographic, sexually suggestive gestures or
actions, touching or poking a part of body where it makes feel uncomfortable,
humiliated dignity, offended, which can lead to health and safety problems. Sexual
harassment usually occurs in area which look �safe� such as campus, student
dormitories, schools, workplaces, where the harassment is carried out by
friends, teachers/lecturers, co-workers, or company leaders and some of sexual
harassments often occur in public area. This is based on research which has
been conducted in various countries (Rusyidi et al, 2019).
In Article 281 of
Criminal Code � Article 295 of Criminal Code contained in Criminal Code Chapter
XVI Book II �Crimes against Decency� there are criminal offenses related to
sexual harassment in Indonesian Criminal Law. One of them is Article 289 of
Criminal Code which explains: �Whoever by force or threat of forcing person to
commit or allow to be carried out obscene acts, is threatened with committing
an act which attacks the honour of decency, with maximum imprisonment of nine
years.�
In short, the
meaning of decency crime is a form of violation/crime regarding moral values. This
sexual crime is only seen as a form of moral values violation rather than being
seen as a crime against humanity (Sumera,
2013).
The use of these values is based on reflection the salient group values or
norms (male interest) in which these groups often discriminate against women as
subordinated group. It can be seen there are several factors that sexual
violence experienced by women become high, such as privileges exist for men
which cause sexual harassment against women, besides that other underlying
points such as physical and reproductive characteristics exist in women make
sexual harassment such as rape easily occurs (Prianto, 2022).
In Artaria�s research (2012)
explained that sexual harassment was experienced by students, they acknowledged
that there was anxiety when they had to take the courses supervised. Because of
uncomfortable feeling, if it is possible, student would not take these courses
unless it is mandatory. Therefore, the latest Regulation of Ministry of
Education and Culture Number 30 of 2021 concerning the prevention and handling
sexual harassment in college. The purpose of enacting these regulations becomes
a strong foundation for defending victims and survivors who do not dare to
disclose what happened. Victims have right to receive treatment for sexual
harassment in CHAPTER III Handling Article 10 is to use assistance, protection,
imposition of administrative sanctions, recovery for victims, this is as
contained in Ministry of Education and Culture Regulation. In article 10, the
meaning of assistance is given to victims or witnesses who are students,
educators, education staff and campus residents.
In article 11,
assistance in the form of counselling, legal assistance, health services,
advocacy, and/or guidance in social and spiritual. Administrative sanctions
will be given to colleges which do not apply the rules of Prevention and
Handling the Sexual harassment contained in Ministry of Education and Culture
Regulation Number 30 of 2021, the sanction is a decrease the college
accreditation level and/or assistance with facilities and infrastructure of
financial assistance provided to university will be terminated.
Articles 13-19
regulate the imposition of administrative sanctions. The imposition of
administrative sanctions contained in Article 14 Paragraph 1 consists of:
written warning and a statement of written apology which are disseminated in
internal campus area or mass media are referred to mild administrative
sanctions (Article 14 Paragraph 2), temporarily dismissed positions without
getting office rights or reduced rights as students of referred to moderate
administrative sanctions, and students who are permanently dismissed or
positions as dismissed students, or campus residents are equivalent to
statutory regulations determined by the university or college.
National
Commission on Violence Against Women through Academic Text of Draft Law on
Elimination the Sexual Harassment states that sexual harassment causes sexual
trauma, changes the victim�s attitude, disrupts reproductive function, impacts
on personal and social life, impacts on psychology, suffers from sexually
transmitted diseases, experiences physical injury. The occurrences of
harassment in closed area such as campus, can happen if the arrangement of room
is not arranged in such a way to keep it under people�s supervision. Harassment
in the form of touching can be a representation that originates from a sense of
superiority exists in perpetrator (in case men) to women, it can also be a
representation that originates from perpetrator�s interest in which the
perpetrator also does not care about the feelings exist in victims (Virgistasari & Irawan, 2022).
In dealing with
sexual harassment cases in campus area, the new Regulation of Ministry of
Education and Culture Number 30 of 2021 which can become an adequate legal
basis, can be used, although there are still pros and cons in understanding the
regulations. Most of harassment cases occurred in educational settings where
the perpetrators are lecturers, not because of the victims� position and who the
victim was dealing with, so what should have been a good and dignified example
was sexual harassment.
Civil
Society and Public sphere
Public
sphere is stage for political participation by people in democratic country (Habermas,
2015). It relates to human activities in social space and
formed through social interaction and communication. The form of communication
established in public area is public opinion regarding a matter.
Communities
can provide a positive response in the sense of supporting or providing input
on programs or policies taken by the government, such as the ideal of Juergen
Habermas who wants the community be able to carry out consensus of
deliberations, so joint decisions can be made. It can be said as the first step
towards deliberative democracy. Because deliberative democracy basically has an
implied meaning, namely practical discourse, formation of political opinions
and aspirations, and popular sovereignty as the main procedure in democracy (Hardiman, 2009).
Procedural public
sphere discourse, especially in a democratic rule of law state, is used as a
facility to gain political legitimacy. He also encouraged various elements of
society to play a participatory role in this public sphere (Menoh,
2015).
Habermas, in this case, proposes a distinction
between the more formal and informal public spheres. It defines formal public
sphere in the parliament, judiciary, and executive. While public sphere is more
informal, he defines it as activities which take place outside parliament, the
judiciary and also the executive branch. This informal public sphere is
location where the interests of various diverse communities meet to learn from
each other in order to contribute to collective life as a society (Menoh,
2015).
In formulating
policies to prevent and handle sexual harassment in college or university,
people�s aspirations also must be considered. The democratic aspect needs to
consider cultural diversity, perspectives, and various inputs from several
community leaders in Indonesia. It is intended to the policies formed can
represent all the interests of community related to prevention and handling
sexual harassment in college.
In
public sphere which conducts discourse, it is not permissible to identify
problems only, but also must thematize these problems, offer solutions, and
strive so public opinion circulating in informal public spheres can be heard by
the government. The decision-making process in government is expected to be
influenced by public opinion. Supervision of state power is carried out by
public opinion. The laws created by the country will be stronger and people
will also be more sovereign, if the discourse results in informal public sphere
have relationship with country.
One
of civil society�s supports for the policy of prevention and handling acts of
sexual harassment in campus environment is participating in formulating
policies in the Regulation of Ministry of Education and Culture Number 30 of
2021. National Commission on Violence Against
Women describes:
�Yea, so
formulation of this policy from civil society is very strong. Because in making
process, I really remember even the WA group still exists. Right from the
beginning, the scenario would be a cooperative agreement between National Commission on
Violence Against Women (Komnas Perempuan), Ministry of Education and Culture (Kemdikbud),
and civil society who are members of anti-sexual harassment organizations.�
The Republic of
Indonesia Service Procurers Forum also conveyed the same thing as follows:
�Well,
actually it also departs from civil society�s support to encourage internal
regulations in education. Actually, when it is seen from internal side of
education, it is not only in college, but also for elementary, middle, and high
schools.�
Apart from
providing support through planning policies in the Regulation of Ministry of
Education and Culture Number 30 of 2021, civil society also provides support by
educating the wider community about sexual harassment. This is reinforced by Trisna�s statement as the Director of HopeHelps
of Universitas Diponegoro
as follows:
�So, the
society has begun to be literate, even though they have not contributed by
directly campaigning for violence issue. But in my personal opinion, with
several people attending webinars, seminars on sexual violence, then being
aware in handling sexual harassment, in my opinion, it can be said that they
have contributed. So, if we already have insight, we can also provide insight
to people around us.�
This is similar to
Prevention and Handling Sexual harassment Task Force at Universitas Indonesia
as follows:
�In my
opinion, civil society can fill all these voids. It means that civil society
can be part of the front line in conducting discussions on various women�s
issues, civil society can also give its voice. Because right now the process of
formulating laws and regulations must include elements of public aspirations,
right?�
Therefore, it can
be concluded that support given by community towards policies which are
oriented on prevention and handling sexual harassment in college is through
participation in the formulation of Ministry of Education and Culture
Regulation Number 30 of 2021, providing education about sexual harassment to
other communities, and establishing communities which speak out human rights
and gender issues. Incidents of violence against women acts in Indonesia have
caused various groups of civil society with concern for human rights give
attention to encourage and support this policy.
Simply,
intervention is a systematic and specifically organized effort to influence and
exert pressure to change policies that do not yet exist on community through the use of public sphere. Intervention always positions
its main subject as the victim of policy, in this way, public interest will be
used as main agenda in determining the direction of a policy. In addition, the
meaning of intervention can also be understood as an approach for someone who
is considered to have an influence on the success of a program. It is conveyed
by Commission X of Republic Indonesia of House of Representative as follows:
�Many youths
who are active on social media try to explain this regulation or sexual
harassment in their language. So, if we communicate in languages which are same
age and any kinds of languages, in our opinion, it is easier to be understood
than using formal language.�
Based on this presentation, it
can be concluded that youths are currently active in social media, so they can
explain the Regulation of Ministry of Education and Culture Number 30 of 2021. This
is in line with the use of virtual public spheres as one of the agendas of
civil society in intervening policy. The communication process
will be easier when it is carried out in the same language as all modern
grammar today, therefore, social media is used as an appropriate advocacy tool
in urging policy changes related to efforts in prevention and handling sexual
harassment in college or university through the Ministry of Education and
Culture Regulation Number 30 of 2021. It is also supported by the statement of
Prevention and Handling Sexual Harassment Task Force at Universitas
Indonesia:
�So, social
media can be a possible way out that justice seekers may end up taking because perhaps
when they want to report their cases to police, they are not being taken
seriously. Finally, they released their stories through social media. How then
do they, in their struggle for justice, take advantage from their social media
of public spheres, especially on Instagram? Yes, at the time there are many
cases which go viral when they are on social media, then they are handled by
police. So, actually the police work under public pressure, sometimes it�s also
ironic if there�s no constant pressure like that, it�s as if the case isn�t
going to be handled.�
Based on this opinion, it can be
concluded that social media is way out for justice seekers. People who take
advantage of public spheres such as social media to reveal sexual harassment
cases that go viral will force the police to act more decisively. Therefore,
social media is considered as an appropriate public sphere to force the
government in forming policies regarding the prevention and handling the sexual
harassment in college or university.
Conclusion
In
order to guarantee a sense of security in community, including in campus area,
it is necessary to deal with the problem of sexual harassment (Rusyidi et al, 2019). The
form of social regulation in gender roles is believed to be a nature which
results in social inequality and the position of women in various social
communities both in education, politics, socio-culture, and economically is disadvantaged.
Gender
roles do not stand individually but have a relationship with identity and
various characteristics which society expects for men and women, more than just
physiological differences but spread throughout all socio-cultural values live in
society values in contributed society (Sulistyowati, 2021). Different sexes make differences in gender and
various kinds of injustice arise from these various genders. Gender equality
can also be known as sex equality, sexual equality, leading to view that men
and women must receive equal treatment, and there should be no discrimination
of the gender basis, except for biological reasons used for other purposes.
The
research findings reveal that there is a need to understand gender equality in college.
There is an instruction from President of the Republic of Indonesia Number 9 of
2000, of course apart from the Regulation of Ministry of Education and Culture Number
30 of 2021, regarding �Gender Mainstreaming in National Development� makes
concern for the existence of women. The goal of Gender Mainstreaming Strategy
is to strive for justice and gender equality, by using policies and programs
which pay attention to experiences, needs, aspirations, and problems of men and
women in all policies across various cultural and life spheres.
The
society�s role in gender is to participate in striving for gender equality in college.
The role played by a person is influenced by his status of position in
community. In their roleplay, women are confronted with the values that society
attaches to them, values which are sometimes discriminatory simply because of
different gender from men.
�
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