Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah
Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol. 6, Special Issue No. 2, Desember 2021
THE PATTERNS
OF ADJECTIVE PHRASE IN BAHASA MENTAWAI:
AN ANALYSIS
OF X-BAR
Kartika
Eva Rahmawati, Agus Subiyanto
Universitas Diponegoro Semarang, Universitas Diponegoro Semarang
Email: [email protected],
[email protected]
Abstract
In order to figure the structure of adjective phrase, X-Bar theory
is used to present the detailed formulation. Therefore, this theory is applied
in this study to investigate the
patterns of the formation of adjective phrases in Bahasa Mentawai and the kind
of adjective categories (attributive or predicative) that appear based on the
patterns. Then, this study also has a purpose to present the forms of the
adjective phrase in Bahasa Mentawai using the X-Bar theory. The data is taken
from a book that contains many sentences in Bahasa Mentawai. Then, the
descriptive-qualitative method was chosen to present the analysis in detail.
The results present the patterns in X-Bar pattern to make Adj and PP is FA (AF)
� A� � A� + FP (PF), to make Adj and NP is FA� A� � A + FN (NP), to make Adj and AP is FA � A� � A� + A, and to make Adj and Adv P is FA � A� � Adv� + A. Last, the type of adjective categories
that occur in Bahasa Mentawai is predicative where the adjective has a function
to explain something before it appears.
Keywords: adjective phrase; x-bar theory; bahasa mentawai
Introduction
Morphology is a discipline of linguistics that investigates
how words in a language are formed. A syntactic approach can be used to
investigate the patterns of language creation in morphology. We may see how a
sentence in a language is constructed by studying syntax. A phrase, according
to (Chaer, 2007),
is a grammatical unit consisting of a group of words that can complete one of
the syntactical functions in a sentence. Each language, including Bahasa
Mentawai, which is spoken in Mentawai, West Sumatra, Indonesia, has its own
construction. Furthermore, (Verhaar, 1996)
distinguishes between two sorts of phrases based on the distribution and
function of the words they contain, namely the exocentric phrase and the
endocentric phrase. An exocentric phrase explains why a phrase's syntactic
behavior differs from that of one of its constituent parts. The syntactic
behavior of the exocentric phrase is identical to that of one of its elements. One
of them is the adjective phrase.
Adjective phrases are endocentric phrases with adjectives and
modifiers such as adjectives, adverbs, nouns, or verbs as constituent
constituents. The adjective phrase is one of the phrases that will be studied
in this research. If a word can function as an attribute, the syntax that marks
it as an adjective is used. The term "attribute" refers to the
ability of an adjective to provide information about the nature or status of things
that are referred to as a noun. An adjective, on the other hand, serves as a
predictor. Adjectives can serve as predicates in sentences when used in
conjunction with denial particles such as the usage of not, when used in
conjunction with the words more... than or at most to indicate the level of
comparison, and when used in conjunction with extremely and other reinforcing
words.
The construction of adjective phrases in Bahasa Mentawai is
made up of core and non-core parts. The adjective is the core element of the
adjective phrase, whereas the modifier is the non-core element. While the
non-core element clarifies what the core elements have mentioned, in Bahasa
Mentawai, the adjective phrase can be made up of non-core elements that come
after the core elements. A word /mabesi?/, is translated in Bahasa Indonesia as �sukar-sukar mudah�.
The core elements that are enclosed in non-core elements, such as "bulat maklu baga,"
which is translated in Bahasa Indonesia as "sangat besar
perut," or "extremely stingy" in
English, might then flank this sentence. A theory known as the X-Bar theory can
be utilized as a basis to evaluate how an adjective phrase is generated in
order to reveal the pattern of an adjective phrase.
This research focuses on two specific subjects. The first is
to investigate how the pattern of adjective phrases in Bahasa Mentawai works,
as well as how the adjective categorizes (attributive or predicative) depending
on the patterns. The second is to use the X-Bar theory to present the pattern
of an adjective phrase in Bahasa Mentawai. The purposes of this study are to
identify the pattern of adjective phrases in Bahasa Mentawai and find the
adjective categorizes (attributive or predicative) that often appear based on
the patterns, and present the patterns of adjectives in Bahasa Mentawai using
the X-Bar theory.
There has been some research on applying the X-Bar theory to
analyze sentences or phrases in sentences. Here are five previous studies that
have already been completed by other researchers. First, (Zahra & Mulyadi, 2019)
conducted the first study, which looked at several sentences in bahasa Mandailing (one of the
regional languages used in Indonesia). The X-Bar hypothesis is used in this
study's analysis patterns. The findings of this study show that incomplete
forms of interrogative sentences have the specifier and complement grammatical
functions. The total type question, on the other hand, serves as a compliment.
The next research was conducted by (Mulyadi, 2010).
He analyzed prepositional phrases in Indonesian using the X-Bar theory. The
results showed that the structure of the preposition phrases in Indonesian was
formed by complement, information, and specifiers. The rules of formation in
Indonesian are FP = P ', Spes; P '= P', Komp, etc. Then, (Perangin-angin, 2010),
who examined the structure of noun phrases in Karo using X-Bar theory. The
results of his research show that noun phrases are formed by complement,
description, and specifier. The rules of formation in Indonesian are FP = P ',
Spes; P '= P', Komp, etc.
The fourth study comes from (Herliana, 2018)
who wrote a study with the title �Struktur Frase
Nominal Bahasa Mandarin Berdasarkan Teori X-Bar�.
The purpose of the writing is to describe the nominal phase structure in
Mandarin by using the X-Bar theory. The results of his research show that
Mandarin has a nominal structure and its formation is N + N, Adj + N, Pronoun +
N, and Adjunct + N + N. Then, a nominal rule using the X-Bar theory is found
and written in Bahasa Indonesia: FN �� N �, N��
N, N, etc. The last study, conducted by (Aristia, 2017),
analyzes using the X-Bar approach for adjective phrases in Japanese. The
results showed that the Japanese language has an adjective structure and its
formation is adjective + noun, pronoun + adjective, noun + adjective, and
adverb + adjective.
Although multiple studies have been
completed, this research is still being carried out to investigate how the
X-bar hypothesis affects the construction of adjective phrases. This research
has a novelty in terms of the research subject. The literature analysis shows
that the X-Bar can assist in clearly assessing the structure of sentences.
According to the previous studies above, there are several studies on noun
phrases, verbs, and prepositions, but there are few studies on the creation of
adjective phrase patterns (as for studying the language of other countries,
such as Japan, whose author is Indonesian). As a result, the research reported
in this paper focuses on the adjective phrase, specifically the pattern of its
creation in the Mentawai regional languages of Indonesia, utilizing the X-Bar
theory analysis.
In this study, the application of
X-bar theory may be used to examine the syntactic principles of adjective
phrases. Based on (Haegeman, 1992),
the X-bar is used to explain the structure of sentences. He mentioned that
Chomsky was the first to advise that those sentences with the same structure
should be analyzed explicitly. The assumption behind the X-bar hypothesis is
that the fundamental structure of diverse sentences in a language all have the
same pattern. According to the X-bar hypothesis, every phrase has a core text. All
sentences are characterized as endocentric in classical linguistic terms (Haegeman, 1992);
(Culicover, 1997). This is the last custom node that has taken over
the world. The lexical projection of the word category might alternatively be
considered the core. The qualities of the core are as follows.
First, the core addresses the
categorical features. For example, the core of a noun phrase is a noun, the
core of a verb phrase is a verb, the core of the prepositional phrase is a
preposition, and the core of the adjective phrase is an adjective. For example,
the word "beautiful" is the core of the phrase "very
beautiful". The phrase "very beautiful" is called an
adjective phrase. Second, the core is placed one level lower in the X-bar
position than the constituents that constitute the core. Thus, the preposition
X-bar's location data as the core of the adjective phrase is printed one level
lower than the phrase. This category has an empty bar, or it can be said,
without a bar. Furthermore, X-bar theory recognizes two levels of projection.
Both projections are represented at the syntactic level. If a lexical category
is formed of complement, description, and specifier, complement combined with X
will form X-bar projections; information combined with X-bars will form a
higher X-bar projection; and the specifier which combines with the higher X-bar
will form a maximum projection of the phrase X. So, the bar category is the X
projection, and the phrase with the highest bar is the higher projection of the
X category. In this case, the symbol X is a substitute for the related
category, whether N, V A, or P, while the dots (...) on the left and right are
fillers, information, or specifiers. The position relation of the phrase structure
is illustrated below.
Picture 1
The X-Bar Schema
Through the scheme
above, each category does not need to be represented separately because it
includes the generalization of existing rules. This strategy significantly
reduces the phrase's structure. It's vital to note that the above scheme's
implementation is contingent on the language's constituent structure. In
English, for example, adjectives come before the complement. The complement in
the X-Bar system is given on the right side with this arrangement.
Research
Method
The data for this study came from a
book called Struktur Frasa
Dalam Bahasa Mentawai, written by (Adam & Alwis, 1986)
and published by the Indonesian Department of Education and Culture's Language
Development and Language Development Center. The material in this book was
chosen by the author because it is presented in the form of several sentences
containing various noun phrases, adjectives, verbs, and prepositional phrases.
The object of investigation is the adjective phrase. Secondary data is the term
for the information collected in this scenario. Secondary data (researchers'
second hand in terms of obtaining data) is characterized as information gleaned
by researchers from a variety of existing sources, such as the books mentioned
earlier.
A literature review was conducted to
gather information for this investigation (Moh, 2013). This was accomplished by looking for books that
had data sources. In terms of data collection, the writer employed the note-taking
method by (Sudaryanto, 2015).
He claimed that some writing tools may be used to take notes. Thus, the writer
used pen and paper to collect data in the form of adjective phrases, as
described in Struktur Frasa
Dalam Bahasa Mentawai (1990). Purposive sampling, as described by (Ary, Jacobs, Irvine, & Walker, 2018), was
also utilized in this investigation to choose acceptable data. Meanwhile, (Sugiyono, 2010) added that this technique enables the writer to
select data based on the certain criteria. Thus, the writer chose some
sentences in the book which is represent data such as sentences or words
containing adjective phrases.
The writer utilized a
descriptive-qualitative technique to present and analyze the facts using the
X-Bar theory, the writer will offer the facts in the form of adjective phrases,
followed by an analysis. Linguistic research is frequently incorporated in
qualitative descriptive studies (Perangin-angin, 2010).
The goal of this research methodology is to draw broad conclusions based on
phenomena discovered via data analysis.
Result and
Discussion
1. An adjective phrase which
is created by combining an adjective and a prepositional phrase (Adj + PP)
In Bahasa Mentawai, the
adjective phrase is seen to be coupled with the prepositional phrase.� Adjectives in Bahasa Mentawai are followed by
prepositional phrases preceded by components /ka-/ or "di-" (in
Bahasa Indonesia), which might have different meanings. The following sentences
is presented below.
a) sakelo� nedda
maraʔ� kabuttet�� nia
pepaya�� itu���
masak� dibatang�
dia
�Pepaya itu matang dibatangnya.�
The adjective phrase in
example (a) is kabuttetia or "dibatangnya," which is an adjunct from
the adjective "mara" or "matang".
If we remove the word "kabuttet" from
sentence (a), it will still be grammatically acceptable. In the X-Bar, adjunct
prepositional phrase theory, with the lexical core A, "will form the
constituent A." At the level above that, "A" will form the
maximum projection of the adjective phrase. The structure of the phrases that
will appear is as follows.
b)
Picture 2
The X-Bar schema of Adj + PP
The
prepositional phrases that will appear in the adjective phrase are the captions
or adjuncts. This adjective phrase includes the type of predictive in the
adjective. The reason is that this adjective exists to explain the �sakelo nedda� or
'papaya' which is a determinant phrase that appears before the adjective and it
is followed by additional information on the �kabutet
nia� or �dibatangnya�.
2. An adjective phrase which
is created by combining an adjective and noun phrase (Adj+NP)
It's also feasible to use the
adjective phrase with a noun. The adjectives that are already in use serve to
describe the condition of the nouns that come after them. This sort of
adjective phrase is sometimes followed by the pronoun "Nia",
which in Bahasa Mentawai means "he" or "she"
and is usually inserted at the end to clarify the topic. However, it is not
needed to be included. The following are some examples of adjective phrases
that include both adjectives and nouns.
c) Si Ani� mabesi?� boga�
nia�
Si
Ani�� sakit����� perut�
dia�
�Si
Ani sakit perutnya�
d) Caŋkeku� maigi��� buluk�
nia
Cengkeh
saya�� rimbun�� daun��
dia
�Cengkeh saya rimbun
daunnya�
In instances (c) and (d),
the adjective phrase consists of the adjective's lexical nucleus followed by
the noun's complement. As a result, the words "boga" and "leaf"
are required, and if the noun is missing, the statement is grammatically
incorrect. As in the following sample sentence.
e) *Si Ani� mabesi?
nia�
�Si Ani��
sakit���� dia�
�Si
Ani sakit dia�
f) * Caŋkeku������
maigi����� nia
�Cengkeh saya��
rimbun�� dia
�Cengkeh saya rimbun dia�
As a result, the noun and
lexical complement of the core of the adjectives will create the constituent A'
in the X-Bar theory. The element A will generate a maximum projection of the
adjective phrase at one level higher. The following is the structure of the
adjective phrase.
g)
Picture
3
Picture
3
���� The X-Bar schema of Adj + NP
The noun phrase that will occur in the Mentawai adjective phrase is
either a necessary complement or a required complement. The reason is the
adjectives �mabesi?'' or �sick� and �maigi� or �lush� appear to explain the next
nouns, �boga� or �belly� and �buluk� or �leaf� this adjective phrase is an
example of an attributive adjective. The presence of the final pronoun
"he" in Bahasa Mentawai is uncertain since it might be embedded or
not.
3. An adjective phrase which
is created by combining an adjective and adjective phrase (Adj+AP)
Adjective phrases cannot only form
between adjectives with prepositional phrases and noun phrases, but adjective
phrases in Bahasa Mentawai are also found to form between adjectives and other
adjectives. For example, in the phrase (h), the adjective phrase in the front
will explain the state of the adjective that ended. Then the phrases (i) and
(j) contain two adjectives that are put together and have the opposite meaning
of the existing adjectives.
h)
Tubu��� nia��
makopeʔ pusuʔ
Warna�� dia����
pekat����� hitam
�warnanya hitam pekat�
i)
Sabeu sigoysoʔ buyʔtaʔ
mey�� mugalay
�Besar�� kecil����� harus���
pergi�� belajar�
�Remaja dan anak-anak harus
pergi belajar.�
j)
Tubu�� nia�� maleppet maoloy
Badan dia��� dingin���� panas
�badanya panas dingin�
The adjective phrase in example (h)
consists of an adjective lexical nucleus and is followed by an adjunctive
adjective. Thus, if the adjective �makopeʔ�
or �pekat� is omitted in that sentence, the
grammatical arrangement of the phrase (h) can be accepted. This is slightly
different from the case in phrases (i) and (j) which consist of the lexical
core of the adjectives and are followed by other adjectives that also function
as adjuncts, but if the adjunct is not used, the initial meaning will not be
conveyed. Therefore, the phrases (i) and (j), if the adjective words like �sigoysoʔ� or �small� and �maoloy� or �hot� are not included, the meaning
that will appear will be different from what is expected, but the sentence is
still grammatically acceptable. It can be presented as follows.
k)
Tubu���� nia��
pusuʔ
Warna�� dia��
hitam
�warnanya
hitam�
l)
Sabeu��
buyʔtaʔ�� mey��
mugalay
�Besar���
harus��� pergi�� belajar�
�Remajanya harus pergi belajar�
m)
Tubu�� nia�� maleppet
Badan
dia��� dingin��
�Badannya
dingin�
Then, in the x-bar theory, the
adjective adjunct and lexical nuclei of the adjective will form the constituent
A' and in one step above, the constituent A� will form a maximum projection of
the adjective phrase. The structure of the adjective phrase that will emerge is
as follows.
n)
Picture 4
The X-Bar schema of Adj + AP
The adjective (A�) in the picture 4 that appears in the adjective phrase
in Bahasa Mentawai is adjunct, or a complement which is not required. These
adjective phrases are a kind of predicative adjective because the adjective
phrases of �makopeʔ� �pusuʔ�
�hitam pekat� and �maloy� �panas dingin�
appear to exist to explain the previous noun, like his or her body �nia� or �color�.
4. An adjective phrase which
is created by combining an adjective and adverbial phrase (Adj+Adv
P)
Adjective phrases in Bahasa
Mentawai have a pattern in the formation of adjective phrases between
adjectives and adverbs or adverbs. In this study, adverbs commonly used in the
formation of adjective phrases are �bulat�,
�sangat�, �maka�, �agak�,
�makopeʔ� or �sungguh�
atau �sekali�.
Adverbs are used to modify existing adjectives to better describe nouns or
pronouns. Examples of these are the following.
o)
Siti togat�� sibuan,�
bulat�� malayŋe
Siti anak�� Buana,�
sangat�� cantik.
'Siti,anak pak Buana, sangat
cantik.'
p)
Siokoʔ nedda�� bulat���
malaiŋe nia
Gadis���� itu�����
sangat�� cantik�� dia
'Gadis itu
sangat cantik.�
q)
Selat sikakap maka keruʔ
Selat sikakap agak dalam
'Setat Sikakap agak dalam
r)
lalep��
nedda�� makopeʔ mabeu
rumah�� itu����� sungguh�� besar
'Rumah itu besar sekali.'
s)
Picture 5
The X-Bar schema of Adj + Adv P
The
adverb (Adv�) in the diagram (s) that appears in the Mentawai adjective phrase
is adjunct, or it is a complement, which is not required. Adjective phrases
like this include a predicative type of adjective. The reason that the adjective
�bulat
malayŋe� or �very
beautiful�, �maka keruʔ�
or �rather
deep�, and �makopeʔ maberu� or �really
big� appears to exist to
explain the previous noun.
Conclusion
Based on the analysis
above, it can be concluded into two parts. First, in Bahasa Mentawai, the
adjective can be followed by prepositional, noun, adjective, and adverbial
phrase. The pattern in X-Bar to make Adj and PP is FA (AF) � A� � A� + FP (PF), to make Adj and NP
is FA� A� � A + FN (NP), to make Adj and AP is FA � A� � A� + A, and to make Adj and Adv P
is FA � A� � Adv� + A. Second, the type of adjective that
occurs in this data is predicative where the adjective has a function to
explain something before it appears.
The writer makes some
recommendations for future researchers who will do similar studies. First,
there's the issue of the study's breadth. The writer believes that the study's
scope will expand to include further research on phrases. To make the term that
will be the topic of the following study more difficult, it might be
highlighted in many types. The target language is the subject of the second.
The author recommends that the next researcher, particularly in Indonesia,
acquire the native language. It can broaden our understanding of how a sentence
is created in a given language.
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