Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849
e-ISSN: 2548-1398
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY TYPE AND LEADERSHIP STYLE AMONG THE
NURSES IN THE ADVENTIST HOSPITAL OF BANDAR LAMPUNG
Alicia Pricillia Elisabeth
Serenity Putri Nayoan, Novita Verayanti
Manalu
Universitas Advent Indonesia, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Being two of the many factors that affect leadership influencing the
result of patients� health care delivery, personality type and leadership style
are often mentioned. Personality types mark certain traits a person may have as
well as how leadership style varies based on the individual. Each individual is
believed to have the potential to be a leader, especially in nursing care
setting. Therefore, this study is carried out among nurse workers to discover
the relationship between these two variables which may enhance the efficiency of
care delivery through obtaining deeper understanding of the nurses� personality
types and leadership styles. This study is accomplished using a quantitative
cross-sectional design that acquired its data from nurse respondents working in
the Adventist Hospital of Bandar Lampung. The respondents filled two
questionnaires assessing their personality types and leadership types which was
analyzed using Pearson Correlation and Sig. (two tailed) by SPSS to find the
correlation between the two variables. �Majority of the participants are females,
age raging from 36-45. It is found that the most
common type of personality among the participants are phlegmatic while the most
frequent leadership style found is democratic. According to the data processed,
there is a strong and significant relationship between the personality types
and leadership styles among the nurse respondents. �Knowing the personality types and
leadership styles used by nurses provide themselves a better self-understanding
which allows nurses to know their strength and weaknesses to work on. Most of
the nurses are found to have phlegmatic personality type and democratic
leadership style. It is recommended that the future researchers may carry out
researches on this topic and study the variables� relationship with another
variable, such as work satisfaction.
Keyword: personality
type; leadership style; phlegmatic; democratic.
Introduction
One of the
fundamental and most critical goals of health care professions is to be capable
of providing care that is effective and efficient. In achieving the said goal,
it is important that the organization and the individuals involved understand
the factors that may affect the process. As supported by (Gemeda & Lee, 2020), the role of leadership is crucial for the
organization to function effectively, in the case of health care, it is to be
able to provide effective and efficient care to clients.
Each
individual has the possibility to become a leader (Gandolfi & Stone, 2018), yet not everyone would develop the same leadership
style in managing the task they are delegated to do (Poels, Verschueren, Milisen, &
Vlaeyen, 2020). There are three well-known types of leadership one
may have: autocratic, democratic, and laissez-faire; and there are possible
factors which may affect how an individual would choose or determine their own
leadership type such as their past experiences, their own cultures, or even
their personality traits.�
Leadership is
not only about focusing on the outcomes and rational processes of various
situations but also consists of understanding and communicating with different
personnel. As mentioned in Prezerakos (2018), �recent
theories emphasized that effective leadership is affected by the personality of
the leader.� Rani (2018) emphasized in their result of the study that there is
a significant and positive relationship between leadership styles and different
type of personalities.
Based on the
past researches which have studied on the relationship between personality type
and leadership style, the researchers of this study had caught an interest on
whether there is a significant relationship between these two variables among
the nurses in the Adventist Hospital of Bandar Lampung, therefore, this study
is going to be done. By knowing the factors that may affect the process of
choice-making of the leadership style, it may help the nurse managers to
develop a better understanding on their capabilities and working style and may
also help the subordinates to have an improved understanding of the working and
leadership style of their leaders in relation to their personality type, which
may be applied to themselves in accomplishing their tasks.
Personality
is said to be what differentiate human beings from one another. It is a set of
characteristics built and shaped by different factors which reflects how a
person can adapt to their environment based on their behavior and way of
thinking (Rani, 2018). Personality holds an important role in organization,
specifically healthcare organization(Jasemi, Cheraghi,
Azimzadeh, & Namadi, 2020)stated that personality affects their responsibility
in delivering health care. It sets out an impact in building interpersonal
relationship needed in every organization. �
A writing
done by Bull (2021) tackles about the temperament theory by Hippocrates which
is believed to be the four fundamental personality types. These four
temperaments include choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic. People
with choleric personality are said to be short-tempered and easily irritable.
Those who are melancholic are easily sad and anxious. The sanguine individuals
are said to be outgoing and have a rather positive thinking. The individuals
who are phlegmatic are said to be �slow rising in emotion and action� (Bull, 2021).
There are a
lot of definitions of leadership, but what unites the various explanation is
that the emphasis that leadership is important. Leadership may be done by one
yet may affect all the personnel of an organization. Leadership has an
important role in an organization as it is a process that leaves an impact on
others� actions in response of the goals and objectives of the organization
that has been determined previously (Yachouchi, 2009,
as cited in Rani (2018). Negative characteristics of leadership cast a negative
impact on the organizations possibly in destructive ways (Gandolfi & Stone, 2018).
Not only in
general, leadership also has a crucial role in the process of delivering care
in healthcare settings, it is also expected to affect patients� care (Alloubani, Akhu-Zaheya, Abdelhafiz,
& Almatari, 2019). The nurse leaders or managers are said to have two
responsibilities: to ensure the delivery of safe and efficient care to the
patients and to provide support to maintain the well-being of their
subordinates (RAMBA & GIRSANG, 2022). �Success or failure of every organization depends
mostly on leadership (Mohammadi,
Mohammadi, & Moniri, 2015). The styles used by each person in the act of leading
can differ depending on the strategies of the organization, how effective it
is, and how it is carried out (Alloubani et al., 2019).
The three
types of leadership are mentioned in the book of Iqbal: �The Impact of Leadership
Styles on Organizational Effectiveness�, stating that there are three types of
leadership styles according to Kurt Lewin: Autocratic or authoritarian,
Participative or democratic, and Laissez-faire or free rein
The
autocratic leadership style is said to be a style that is suitable in
situations wherein a quick decision-making process is needed. It is a style
that is �based on the traditional premise that leaders are good managers who
direct and control their people� (NawoseIng�ollan & Roussel, 2017). The decision would be determined quickly by the
leader with a minimum concern of the views and idea contribution from the
employees (Bertsch et al., 2017). It is effective and most useful when the leader is
knowledgeable and experienced, qualified for deciding even for risky and
emergency situations. However, it is said to be unfavorable when the employees
are more knowledgeable than the leader (Bertsch et al., 2017).
The
democratic leadership style is another one of the various that allows autonomy
to the subordinates. It considers the thoughts and contribution of opinions
from the employees and requires cooperation between the leader and the group
they are in charge of handling (Marquis &
Huston, 2009).
The third
leadership style is laissez-faire which is somehow quite the opposite of
autocratic. This leadership style gives most of the control to the employees
yet giving them the resources they need in doing the task assigned. It is very
effective if the employees are qualified and experienced to work on their own (Bertsch et al., 2017). Nawoselngo�ollan &
Roussel (2017) suggested that this style leads to higher job satisfaction in
the employees as well as an increase in productivity. Alan (2013), as cited in Nawoselngo�ollan & Roussel (2017), emphasized that
regularly-given feedbacks is important in achieving the success using this
method of leading.
Methods
This research is explanatory
non-experimental research which is designed to assess the relationship between
the personality type and leadership style of the nurse working in the Adventist
Hospital of Bandar Lampung.
The population included all the
nurses in the Adventist Hospital of Bandar Lampung who are believed to have the
possibility to be delegated as leaders in charge of the tasks given. Samples of
this study which was eligible for use was 91 including the nurse workers in the
departments of ICU, Operating Room, Hemodialysis department, etc. The sampling
technique utilized in this study is random sampling technique.
The data of this study was obtained
through two types of questionnaires: Personality Type Questionnaire (Ayu Rochmawati, 2013) and Leadership Style Questionnaire from
the Leadership session at TYPO3 Developer Days, 2014). The data was processed
and analyzed in SPSS software, using Pearson Correlation and Sig. (two tailed)
to discover the relationship of the personality type and leadership style of
the nurses working in the Adventist Hospital of Bandar Lampung.
The Personality Type Questionnaire
(Ayu Rochmawati, 2013) is divided into 8 sections
with 4 statements under each section. The respondents gave their response by
expressing how they agree with the statements by checking under 4 column marks
with each respective indication (4 � very applicable; 3 � applicable; 2 �
sometimes applicable; 1 � not applicable). The personality types identified by
this questionnaire is the four temperaments proposed by Hippocrates: Choleric,
Sanguine, Phlegmatic, and Melancholic.
The Leadership Style Questionnaire
from the Leadership session at TYPO3 Developer Days (2014) includes 30
statements to identify which of the three well-known leadership style do they
apply to their everyday work process in order to provide an effective nursing
care: Democratic leadership style, Autocratic Leadership Style, or Laissez
Faire Leadership style. The respondents then evaluated on these statements by
filling the column with the indications they decide upon (5 � almost always
correct; 4 � often correct; 3 � sometimes right; 2 � rarely correct; 1 � almost
never correct).
In order to be carried out, this study has been
approved by UNAI Nursing Faculty Ethic Committees (No.
218/KEPK-FIK.UNAI/EC/III/22) on March 4, 2022. The permission to involve the
respondents from nurse workers in the Adventist Hospital of Bandar Lampung has
also been approved (). Before filling the questionnaires, the respondents were
handed out an informed consent and were given permission to address any
question or confusion before signing in agreement to participate in this study.
Respondents� confidentiality was maintained all throughout the process of the
study.
Result and Discastion
A. Result
The data regarding the participants�
demographic data is provided in Table 1. The participants whose answers were
complete and eligible for the use of the are 91 in total: 82 females and 9 male
participants. The age range of the participants are found to be majorly 36-45
years old (39.6%), followed by 26-35 years old (27.5 %), 17-25 years old
(18.7%), and 46-55 years old (14.3). The participants also varied by married
employees (73.6%) and single employees (26.4%).
Ten departments in the Adventist
Hospital of Bandar Lampung participated which included 28 nurses in chance and
63 staff nurses, with a majority of nurses working less than 6 years, followed
by nurses working more than 10 years. It is also found that most of the
participants have bachelor degree (56%), followed by nurses with vocational
degree (44%).
Table 1
Demographic Data
|
Classification |
N |
% |
|
Gender |
||
|
���� Male |
9 |
9.9 |
|
���� Female |
82 |
90.1 |
|
Age |
||
|
���� 17-25 years old |
17 |
18.7 |
|
���� 26-35
years old |
25 |
27.5 |
|
���� 36-45
years old |
36 |
39.6 |
|
���� 46-55
years old |
13 |
14.3 |
|
Marital Status |
||
|
���� Married |
67 |
73.6 |
|
���� Single |
24 |
26.4 |
|
Department |
||
|
����
Haemodialysis |
10 |
11 |
|
���� South
Wing 4 |
15 |
16.5 |
|
���� West
Wing 4 |
12 |
13.2 |
|
����
Obstetrics and Gynaecology |
11 |
12.1 |
|
����
Intensive Care Unit |
6 |
6.6 |
|
���� South
Wing 3 |
2 |
2.2 |
|
���� Elim 3 |
10 |
11 |
|
���� Elim 2 |
6 |
6.6 |
|
���� South
Wing 2 |
11 |
12.1 |
|
���� West
Wing 2 |
8 |
8.8 |
|
Length of Work |
||
|
���� <6
years |
41 |
45.1 |
|
���� 6-10
years |
13 |
14.3 |
|
���� >10
years |
37 |
40.7 |
|
Role |
||
|
���� Staff
Nurse |
63 |
69.2 |
|
���� Nurse
in-charge |
28 |
30.8 |
|
Educational Level |
||
|
����
Vocational degree |
40 |
44 |
|
����
Bachelor degree |
51 |
56 |
As the independent variable of the
study, the personality types were assessed using the instrument into four
classifications. The result of the data collected is shown in table 2. It is
found that most of the respondents were phlegmatic in personality with a number
of 37 people (40.7%). The respondents with choleric personality were discovered
to be 26 respondents (28%). This is followed by sanguine personality (25.3%).
The personality type that was found the least was melancholic found in 5
respondents (5.5%).
Table 2
�Respondents
Personality Type
|
Personality Type |
N |
% |
|
Choleric |
26 |
28.6 |
|
Sanguine |
23 |
25.3 |
|
Phlegmatic |
37 |
40.7 |
|
Melancholic |
5 |
5.5. |
The leadership style assessed is
divided into three styles: autocratic, democratic, and Laissez-faire. It is
found that most of the participants have democratic leadership style (51.6%) as
can be seen in Table 3. Participants with Laissez-Faire leadership style is
found in 36 participants (39.6%). The autocratic leadership style is found to
be used by 8 participants with 8.8%.
Table 3
Leadership Styles
|
Leadership Style |
N |
% |
|
Autocratic |
8 |
8.8 |
|
Democratic |
47 |
51.6 |
|
Laissez-Faire |
36 |
39.6 |
In Table 4, we can see the
correlation between personality type and leadership style of the nurses. The
data was processed through SPSS software and uses Pearson Correlation to
determine the relationship between the two variables. It indicates that the
value of relationship between personality types and leadership styles is 0.783
which is interpreted as a strong correlation and a rather significant relationship
(0.029 < 0.05).
Table 4
Correlation between Personality Type and Leadership
Style
|
|
|
Personality Type |
Leadership Style |
|
Personality Type |
Pearson Correlation |
1 |
0.783 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
. |
0.029 |
|
|
N |
91 |
91 |
|
|
Leadership Style |
Pearson Correlation |
0.783 |
1 |
|
Sig. (2-tailed) |
0.029 |
. |
|
|
|
N |
91 |
91 |
B. Discussion
Based
on the results of the data, it has been found that the most frequent
personality type found among the respondents were phlegmatic type of
personality. People who have phlegmatic personality type are known to be calm
and to avoid conflict. Although it is often said that phlegmatic individuals
are rather passive, they are also good listener, reliable, and they easily
socialize and fit in with others (Adibulasyhar, 2019); (Buzeti, Klun, & Stare, 2016).
The
result of the correlation of the two variables shows a strong and significant
relationship (Table 4). Although it cannot be stated certainly that the
phlegmatic personality type would certainly have democratic leadership style
due to the lack of depth the study was done through, it certainly presents a
possibility of how phlegmatic personality type would be found having democratic
leadership style as well. This is supported by a study conducted by Maria-Elena
which studied the personality of three managers from Romania and found that one
participant with phlegmatic personality is found to imply democratic leadership
style (Maria-Elena, 2014).
As
compared to sanguine personality, phlegmatic takes the introvert side while
sanguine takes the extrovert traits and that makes sanguine has a stronger
leadership and phlegmatic tends to be the follower (Yusup, 2013).
Seeing these traits, phlegmatic may not be parallel with democratic leaders who
works with group and taking inputs of all the voices of the group in making
group decisions (Chukwusa, 2019).
However, as how it is mentioned in phlegmatic people may also have traits of being
calm, patient, easily fitting in with others and avoiding conflict which can
support the fitting traits for a democratic leader (Adibulasyhar, 2019) (Maria-Elena, 2014).
Further
research which studies on the more frequent leadership style on each of the
personality type specifically on nurses can be done to have a more
comprehensive understanding and information regarding this topic. It is
recommended the future researchers can as well conduct a study to assess the
relationship between the leadership style and the work satisfaction which is
expected to enhance the knowledge that can contribute to effective health care
delivery.
Conclusion
�
The efficiency in the health care setting is affected by many factors
including the role of the leader which varies based on their personality type
and leadership style. This study studied the relationship between these two
variables among the nurses who work in an Adventist Hospital in Bandar Lampung.
It has been discovered that between these two variables there is a strong and
significant relationship which means there is a presence of a strong
possibility of frequency between a personality type and a leadership style. The
nurses were found to be phlegmatic individuals and using democratic leadership
style.
�The most frequent leadership style among the
nurses were democratic leadership style followed by Laissez faire being
implemented. Autocratic leadership style is found to the least frequent among
the three styles of leadership. This finding indicates that the nurses working
in the Adventist Hospital of Bandar Lampung involved more of the roles of their
subordinates in making decisions for the patients� care delivery. It is also
found that most of the nurses are phlegmatic who are known to be patient, calm,
easy fitting with a group, and rather preferring avoiding conflicts. Knowing
one�s own personality type helps them in knowing their strength and work on
their weaknesses to work better on their contribution at their work place and
therefore a higher quality of patient care delivery.
Acknowledgement
The researchers of this study would
like to express their gratitude to the respondents who willingly participated
by giving their input to be used as information contributing to the topic that
seek to find the relationship between the personality types and leadership
styles among nurse workers. The researchers would also like to extend the
gratitude as sincere to the Adventist Hospital of Bandar Lampung wherein the
study has been allowed to be carried out.
Conflict of Interest
The researchers owe no conflict of
interest in the process of conducting this research study as well as in the
process of publishing the article.
�
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Copyright holder: Alicia Pricillia Elisabeth Serenity Putri Nayoan, Novita Verayanti Manalu (2022) |
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