Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol. 7, No. 5, Mei 2022
AN ANALYSIS OF MEDICAL ACUPUNCTURE TERMINOLOGY� TRANSLATION PROCEDURES IN AN ARTICLE ENTITLED �SAFETY OF YAMAMOTO NEW SCALP ACUPUNCTURE IN HEALTHY SUBJECTS AND THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHOULDER STIFFNESS, DIAGNOSIS POINTS, AND STIMULATIONS POINTS�FROM ENGLISH TO INDONESIAN
Yuliawati Kusumaningrum, Neneng Sri Wahyuningsih
English Study Program, LIA Jakarta Foreign Language College, South Jakarta, Indonesia
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
The study aims to analyze translation procedures of medical acupuncture terminology in an article entitled �Safety of Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture in Healthy Subjects and the Relationship between Shoulder Stiffness, Diagnosis Points, and Stimulation Points�. The study used the descriptive qualitative method to analyze translation procedures of medical acupuncture terminologies by using the concepts of medical terminologies from Cohen & Depetris (2014) and translation procedures from Newmark (1988). The results show that the medical acupuncture terminologies found in the article (source text) can be grouped into four medical terminology concepts based on Cohen and DePetris� (2014). They are word part, body system, diagnosis, and treatment. Furthermore, it was also found that most noun phrases (26 data), non-body system (29 data), non-diagnosis (26 data), and non-treatment (24 data) were in medical acupuncture terminology concepts. In the translation (target text), there are five translation procedures that are used to translate the medical terminologies. The translation procedures are transposition (24 data), naturalization (nine data), use of foreign words or phrases in italics procedure (two data)), literal translation (one data), and transference (one data). Based on the findings, the combination of both theories can be used in analyzing or doing medical terminology translation, particularly in acupuncture.
Keywords: medical acupuncture terminology; YNSA; acupuncture; translation procedures
Introduction
(Larson, 1986) is of the opinion that translation is basically the �transferring the meaning� of a piece of the written or spoken source text (ST) in a source language (SL) into a target text (TT) using a target language (TL). Obviously, the transfer of meaning here involves the transformation of forms (i.e., words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraphs) from ST to TT which may also require certain modifications or substitutions. Similarly, Bell (1991) believes that translation is the �replacement� of a text in one language into another language which focuses on the preservation of meaning equivalence and style. Thus, it is clear that a translator must always focus not only on transferring the message of an ST as accurately as possible to a TT but also on transferring the style as closely as possible depending on the types of texts, and the fields (the topics), and the translation brief.
Naturally, translation is used in many fields including the medical field. Medical translation focuses on medical language which is different from the everyday language mainly because in medical language there are many medical terminologies that need to be transferred professionally and carefully (Yaseen, 2013). This is in line with (Newmark, 1988) who categorizes medical translation under the technical translation and highlights the difficulties in translating the terminologies, including medical terminology. The terminology itself can be defined as a set of terms that are appropriate to a particular language and as an important instrument for better understanding a particular language belonging to a particular group (Desmet, 2021).
In the Indonesian context, medical translation has been conducted to translate specialized medical texts (such as textbooks, drug-package inserts or DPIs, articles in scientific journals, etc.) or non-specialized medical texts (i.e., brochures, articles in newspapers and popular magazines, etc.). Thus, translators should be familiar with medical texts and their terminology. The more they are familiar with medical texts, the easier it is for them to finish their work. This corresponds to (Wahyuningsih, 2011) that suggests translators must be careful in reading various texts, and their exposure to various text types can really help them to read an ST and translate it to a TT well. Furthermore, for many countries in the world, medical translation is significant because it has been applied as the means to distribute new knowledge and discoveries as well as to share the best practices in the medical field throughout the world. Furthermore, medical translation is crucial in providing professional healthcare services for foreigners or minorities in many countries (Ageicheva, A. O., 2019).
The medical translation covers a very wide range of areas such as pharmacology, medical rescue systems, surgery, acupuncture, and other specialization fields, as well as medical laws and administrative procedures. In this article, the focus is on the translation of medical terminology in the acupuncture area. In the actual practice, translators of medical texts often find difficulties in translating medical terminologies. To cope with this, translation experts like (Newmark, 1988) following Vinay and Darbelnet (1958/1995) offer certain procedures (or rather �techniques� or �strategies�) that can be used in translating sentences, phrases, or words, including terminologies.
The translation procedures may include techniques such as literal translation, transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, shifts or transpositions, modulation, couplet, notes, and others (Newmark, 1988). Many studies have been conducted on how translators use certain procedures to achieve the �proper� equivalence. Within the translation of medical terminology, there are at least four previous studies that can be highlighted here. The first one is a study by (Montalt, Zethsen, & Karwacka, 2018) that puts an emphasis on how the proper use of medical terms becomes the determinant of successful communication in healthcare communities worldwide because translation can help in creating and controlling standardized medical terminologies. This notion naturally can be applied in the translation of acupuncture terms from English into Indonesian, which is the main concern of this article.
The second and the third study are those of (Widarwati, 2015), (Poluakan, Pamantung, & Rambing, 2020) that study terminology in the Indonesian context. Both have some similarities and differences. (Widarwati, 2015) and (Poluakan et al., 2020) have similar objects of study. They used medical books for their research in medical terminology. However, they had different purposes and used different methods in analyzing their data. (Widarwati, 2015) aims at compiling a taxonomy as well as identifying and describing the translation techniques used in the translation of medical terms in a medical book that has already been published in English (ST) and in Indonesian (TT). She also wants to explain the relations between the techniques and the quality of the TT, particularly the terminology. On the other hand, (Poluakan et al., 2020) are aiming at finding out the types of Indonesian loanwords and changes of meanings that can be found in those loan words. They focused on the Indonesian medical terms and used two medical books as the sources of the loan word data. Some loan words have accurate meaning, while some others have certain changes in the meaning although they are still acceptable.
The fourth study is an article by (Jayantini, Yadnya, Suparwa, & Puspani, 2017). They focus on how medical terms are translated from an English medical textbook into its Indonesian translation by applying phonological translation and spelling adjustments procedure to translate the ST medical terms into a TT. Furthermore, (Jayantini et al., 2017) conclude that pronunciation adjustments (phonological translation) and spelling adjustments are often used in the translation of medical terms from English into Indonesian.
This present study is in line with those four previous studies as it also focuses on the translation of medical terminology. However, it took a slightly different path by analyzing the medical terminology used in an article about acupuncture written by (Kamiya et al., 2021) entitled Safety of Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture in Healthy Subjects and the Relationship Between Shoulder Stiffness, Diagnosis Points, and Stimulation Points (henceforth �YNSA article�) which has been translated from English to Indonesian. Knowing that medical terminologies should be (relatively) uniform throughout the world, the aim of this study is to investigate the types of procedure used by a translator in such ways that the terminologies in the TT are equivalent to those in the ST. The medical terminologies are categorized by using Cohen & DePetris� categorization (2014) before they are analyzed to determine the translation procedures used by the translator by using Newmark�s procedure (1988).
Medical Acupuncture is one of the most accepted Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAMs) therapies. Having its root in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), it has been practiced and researched not only in China but also in other regions such as Europe, U.S., and Japan. The basic principles of acupuncture include on the energy flow system, the identification of the channels or meridians, and the points of mechanical stimulus or the acupuncture points. The application of the principles can use mechanical stimulus, such as needle puncture, ultrasound, laser puncture, and massage (Hamvas, Havasi, Szőke, Petrovics, & Hegyi, 2016). Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) originates from Japan, one of the popular medical acupuncture techniques in the past two decades is Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) which has been performed worldwide, especially in Europe. In 1973, a neurologist, Dr. Toshikatsu Yamamoto, created YNSA as an acupuncture microsystem for which needles are inserted into somatotopic areas on the scalp for the treatment of several symptoms and reactions of the diagnosis and stimulation points (Kamiya et al., 2021).
Locations of stimulation points A and D (Kamiya et al., 2021)
Thus, the YNSA system is also based on somatotopic representation which is different from TCM; moreover, YNSA is claimed to be more effective than TCM as it can immediately reduce pain in the locomotor system and in neurological diseases (Kao & Yang, 2020).
Figure 2
Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture, Somatotopic area
Medical terminologies consist of unique words and expressions which are used by healthcare professionals in order to guarantee effective and accurate communication. Almost all medical terminologies are derived from Greek and Latin words, so they are efficient, consistent, and uniform to be used all over the world. Although medical terminologies, including those of acupuncture, seem to be rigid, they are actually changeable due to medical discoveries which makes medical specialists and therapists have more understanding of pathological symptoms that they can use to treat their patients (Desmet, 2021).
The fact that medical terminologies are mainly in English makes the translation of those terminologies to various languages, including Indonesian is crucial. Thus, the translators are required to have a knowledge of linguistics, at least morphology and phonology for word derivations, in order to produce a good translation of terminologies in a medical text (Cohen & DePetris, 2013).
Medical terminology concepts based on (Cohen & DePetris, 2013) agreed that medical science always evolves, and their special vocabulary or medical terminologies have always changed along with the new findings in methods of diagnosis and treatment as well as the advancement of medical technologies. (Cohen & DePetris, 2013) suggested that learning medical terminology can be done in five stages which can be summarized in the following sections. The first one is by the word components. It almost all medical terms can be divided into three components: roots, suffixes, and prefixes, all of which can help people understand the meaning of a particular term (Cohen & DePetris, 2013).
The second is diseases. the next stage is the understanding of the types of diseases. A disease can be defined as any disorder of normal body function, and diseases can be grouped into distinctive categories which often have some overlaps. The name of a disease is usually based on the symptoms. (Cohen & DePetris, 2013) put diseases into seven categories: infectious diseases, degenerative diseases, neoplasia, immune disorders, metabolic disorders, hormonal disorders, as well as mental and emotional disorders.
The third is diagnosis. Medical diagnosis is used to determine the characteristics and causes of an illness. When diagnosing patients, healthcare professionals do two things. First, they gather information regarding the symptoms of the present illness, the patients� past medical history, and social contacts. Second, healthcare professionals conduct physical examinations.
Based on the results of the diagnosis, patients can get the proper treatment or intervention for their illnesses. Internationally, WHO has developed International Classification of Health Interventions (ICHI) or commonly known as International Classification Diseases (ICD) as a tool to classify diseases. This classification should be translated into all languages in order to get a uniform tool for doing the diagnosis; moreover, it has integrated all public health components and set the international standard for healthcare services (W�bbeler et al., 2021). The fourth section is treatment. Based on the diagnosis results, healthcare professionals can proceed with treatment or therapy which can include various actions such as counseling, drugs, surgery, physical therapy, and others or a combination of these (Cohen & DePetris, 2013).
The last but not least is body system. Learning medical terminology also involves the knowledge of human body systems. Body systems can be divided into 12 categories, i.e., the cardiovascular system, the respiratory system, the digestive system, the urinary system, the endocrine system, the nervous system, the female and male reproductive systems, blood and immunity, the sensory system, the muscular system, and the skin, all of which has to function well and complement each other in order to reach the homeostasis or the state of internal balance (Cohen & DePetris, 2013).
Translation procedures based on Newmark (1988) offered several procedures (or techniques) that can also be used to translate medical terminologies. In this case, Newmark�s procedures refered to particular techniques (or strategies) that translators use to solve problems that they encounter when translating sentences, clauses, phrases, and words of a ST. Newmark (1988) distinguished translation procedures and translation methods in that the latter refers to the approach which is applied by a translator to translate the entire text. Since this article concerns terminologies which can be in the forms of words and phrases, it would be interesting to discuss the translation procedures used by the translator to cope with the terminologies in the YNSA article.
The YNSA article belongs to informative (scientific) text type which usually has a particular technical style, including the use of a lot of terminologies and technical language (medical language). Newmark (1988) explained several translation procedures, some of which can be summarized as follows. The first procedure is literal translation. Literal translation is the basic translation procedure which can be used to translate words, phrases, short clauses, and short sentences with general contexts. The longer the units of translation, the more difficult for the translator to maintain literal translation. This is why literal translation cannot be used when the meaning of a ST is affected heavily by the contexts, including the culture of both ST & TT (Newmark, 1988; Wahyuningsih, 2011). The second is transference. his is the act of transferring a SL word/phrase into the TL which results in loan words (borrowing without adjustment) and/or transliteration (conversion to a different alphabet system) because the TL does not have the corresponding words/phrases.
The third is naturalization. Naturalization is like borrowing with certain phonological and morphological adjustments. The fourth is cultural equivalent. Cultural equivalent (or adaptation) is finding the �rough� equivalence of SL cultural items in TL cultural items which are less accurate in meaning but is adequate for certain situations where accuracy is not the main issue. The fifth is functional equivalence. Functional equivalence is finding the equivalence of SL cultural items by providing the TL cultural words which have more general meaning (than the SL cultural items) and are more neutral. The sixth is descriptive equivalent. Descriptive equivalent is providing a description of the meaning of the SL word which has no equivalent in the TL, and it does not retain the ST form (Wahyuningsih, 2021).
The seventh is synonymy. Synonymy is creating the equivalence of SL words by giving a near TL equivalent word in a situation where a precise equivalence may or may not exist and the SL words are not important in the text (adjectives or adverbs). The eighth is through-translation. The through-translation or calque is the literal translation of common collocations, names of organizations, the components of compounds, and popular fixed phrases.
The ninth is shifts or transpositions. Newmark uses Catford�s �shift� and Vinay & Darbelnet �transposition� to refer to translators� acts of changing the grammar from SL to TL which may be inevitable because each language has its own unique system which is not the same with that of another language.
The tenth is modulation. Modulation refers to the translators� acts of changing perspective or using a different point of view from that of the ST author. This change of viewpoint in TT should preserve the meaning of ST.
The eleventh is recognized translation. Recognized translation refers to the use of the official or generally accepted translation of terminologies for certain fields and organizations.
The twelfth is tanslation label. Translation label is a temporary translation of an official term in ST which can be discarded after a while (Newmark, 1988).
The thirteenth is ompensation. Compensation refers to how losses of meaning, sound-effect, metaphor or pragmatic effect in one part of the sentence are compensated in another part, or in the next sentence.
The fourteenth is componential analysis (CA). Componential analysis in translation refers to how a lexical unit is translated by splitting it up into its sense components. Thus, one lexical unit in SL can be split into two parts or more in TL.
The fifteenth is reduction and expansion. Reduction and expansion are rather inaccurate translation procedures which can be tolerated only in certain cases. In reduction, translators only translate the most important part of a translation unit, whereas in expansion they use more TL words in order to re-express a SL idea or to reinforce the meaning of ST words because there is not a one-to-one correspondence with any TL words.
The sixteenth is paraphrase. Paraphrase refers to how the translators amplify or explain the meaning of ST words or phrases when they are poorly written or lack clarity. This involves insertion of important information which is not written in ST which makes the TT have a more detailed explanation than that of the ST.
The seventeenth is couplets. Couplets (or triplets or quadruplets) are combinations of procedures used by translators to translate certain parts of ST. They are mostly used for cultural words.
The last one is notes, additions, and glosses. This refers to how the translators provide extra information in the form of footnotes, endnotes, glossaries, and extra information given between brackets within the text. In addition to the translation procedures explained by Newmark (1988), Hoed added one procedure of not translating the ST and use the SL (foreign) words or phrases in TT by writing them in italics (2006, pp. 77-78). On some occasions, the translator can give some notes to accompany the SL words or phrases in a footnote to clarify some matters. In this article, this procedure is renamed as �using the foreign words and phrases in italics.�
Method
The study is a descriptive qualitative study which investigates the translation procedures of medical acupuncture terms from an English ST and its Indonesian TT with the topic of medical acupuncture. The data were taken from an article entitled Safety of Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture in Healthy Subjects and the Relationship Between Shoulder Stiffness, Diagnosis Points, and Stimulation Points which was published in 2021. The data were analyzed based on the concepts of medical terminologies by (Cohen & DePetris, 2013) and the translation procedures by Newmark (1988). After that, the conclusion is drawn from the analysis.
Results And Discussion
In this section, the data are discussed briefly by explaining the translation procedure used in the translation of the data. Transposition translations procedure in medical terminology concepts, there are 24 data with transposition procedure which can be seen in Table 1.
Table 1
Transposition Procedure In Translating �Noun Phrases
|
No |
Source Text |
Target Text |
|
|
1 |
YNSA Diagnosis |
Diagnosis YNSA |
|
|
2 |
Blood pressure |
Tekanan darah |
|
|
3 |
Heart rate |
Denyut jantung |
|
|
4 |
Pressure pain threshold (PPT) |
Ambang nyeri tekanan (PPT) |
|
|
5 |
Muscle hardness (MH) scores |
Skor kekerasan otot (MH) |
|
|
6 |
Shoulder stiffness |
Kekakuan bahu |
|
|
7 |
Visual analogue scale (VAS) |
Skala analog visual (VAS) |
|
|
8 |
Acupuncture microsystem |
Mikrosistem akupunktur |
|
|
9 |
Somatotopic areas |
Area somatotopik |
|
|
10 |
Scalp acupuncture |
Akupunktur kulit kepala |
|
|
11 |
Musculoskeletal disorders |
Gangguan muskuloskeletal |
|
|
12 |
Systemic inflammatory diseases |
penyakit inflamasi sistemik |
|
|
13 |
A-point |
Titik-A |
|
|
14 |
D-point |
Titik-D |
|
|
15 |
LI4 reactions |
Reaksi LI4 |
|
|
16 |
Thoracic spine point stimulation |
Stimulasi titik tulang belakang toraks |
|
|
17 |
Cervical spine point stimulation |
Stimulasi titik tulang belakang leher |
|
|
18 |
Blood biochemistry |
Biokimia darah |
|
|
19 |
Laterality of stimulation points |
Lateralitas titik stimulasi |
|
|
20 |
Diastolic blood pressure |
Tekanan darah diastolik |
|
|
21 |
Systolic blood pressure |
Tekanan darah sistolik |
|
|
22 |
Traditional Chinese Acupuncture |
Akupunktur tradisional Cina |
|
|
23 |
Stimulation points |
Titik stimulasi |
|
|
24 |
Blood-brain barrier permeability |
Permeabilitas sawar darah otak |
|
|
Total�������������������������������������������������������������� 24 |
|||
Table 1 shows that all the 24 data of transposition are in the form of noun phrases. One example is explained below.
ST:� To investigate the safety of YNSA, the blood pressure,�.
TT:� Untuk menyelidiki keamanan YNSA, tekanan darah,�..
The phrase {blood pressure} is a medical term which, according to (Cohen & DePetris, 2013), refered to the blood circulatory system. The English noun phrase or NP {blood pressure} is translated into the Indonesian NP {tekanan darah}. It is obvious that there are some changes made by the translator, particularly in exchanging the word order to comply with Indonesian noun phrase norms which put the head {tekanan} before the modifier {darah}.
This is in line with Larson�s theory (1986, p. 3) stating that translation is basically the transferring the meaning of forms (i.e., words, phrases, clauses, sentences, or paragraphs) from ST to TT which may also require certain modifications or substitutions.
In this case, transposition is obligatory to comply with TT (Indonesian) grammar. Furthermore, transposition must also consider the transfer of meaning from ST to TT. In other words, transposition is performed in order to achieve the equivalence of the meaning from ST to TT.
The Free Dictionary defines {blood pressure} as �the pressure of the blood against the walls of any blood vessel�, while Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Daring defines {tekanan darah} as �tekanan terhadap dinding dalam pembuluh darah sebagai akibat denyut jantung�. Thus, both of them are equivalent in meaning. The next procedure is naturalization procedure. There are nine data of naturalization procedures used in the translation of medical terminology in this study as shown in Table 2.
Table 2
Naturalization procedure
in word-level translation
|
No |
Source Text |
Target Text |
|
1 |
Hypotension |
Hipotensi |
|
2 |
Bradycardia |
Bradikardia |
|
3 |
Hypertension |
Hipertensi |
|
4 |
Hematoma |
Hematoma |
|
5 |
Migraine |
Migrain |
|
6 |
Metabolism |
Metabolisme |
|
7 |
Extremities |
Ekstremitas |
|
8 |
Electroencephalogram |
Elektroensefalogram |
|
9 |
Electroencephalographic |
Elektroensefalografik |
|
Total���������������� ������������������������������9 |
||
Table 2 clearly shows nine terms in the form of words (not phrases) which are translated using the naturalization procedure. Thus, the Indonesian equivalence of the terms have been modified in the pronunciation and spelling in order to comply with Indonesian phonetic and orthographic systems. One example of naturalization is explained below.
ST: The frequency and severity of migraine attacks,��
TT: Frekuensi dan keparahan serangan migrain,���..
In the example, {migraine} is a root only because it does not have any affixes (Cohen & DePetris, 2013). In medical concepts, {migraine} belongs to diagnosis. Following Newmark (1988), the English word {migraine} is translated into Indonesian as {migrain} by borrowing the word and modifying it in such a way that the Indonesian word must comply with the Indonesian phonetic system and orthographic systems. In other words, the English word {migraine} is borrowed into Indonesian as {migrain} by naturalizing it in terms of its pronunciation and its spelling. Since it is basically a loanword, then the meanings of the two words are equivalent.
The Free Dictionary defines {migraine} as �a particular form of headache caused by widening (dilatation) of some of the arteries of the scalp and brain, usually on one side�, whereas Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Daring defines {migrain} as �sakit kepala yang disertai rasa nyeri berdenyut pada satu sisi saja dan timbul dalam bentuk serangan, nyeri kepala sebelah�. From the definitions, the two terms {migraine} and {migrain} refer to similar concepts; thus, they are equivalent. Literal translations procedure in medical terminology concepts, there is only one data of literal translation procedure which is found in this study as shown in table 3.
Table 3
Literal translation procedure
|
No |
Source Text |
Target Text |
|
1 |
Bleeding |
Perdarahan |
|
Total������������������������� �������������1 |
||
This example of literal translations can be discussed briefly.
ST: �such as hypotension, bradycardia, or bleeding,..
TT: �seperti hipotensi, bradikardia, atau perdarahan,�
According to (Cohen & DePetris, 2013), the word {bleeding} is categorized as {root + suffix}, and it belongs to diagnosis (related to blood circulatory system). Now the English word {bleeding} is translated into the Indonesian word {perdarahan} by using a simple literal translation.�
By referring to Newmark (1988) who said that literal translation is the basic translation procedure, so when {bleeding} can be translated literally into {perdarahan}, then it is adequate. There is no need to use other translation procedures. Furthermore, the two words have equivalent meaning.
The Free Dictionary defines {bleeding} as �escape of blood from an injured vessel�, and Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Daring defines {perdarahan} as �peristiwa keluarnya darah sebagai akibat pecahnya pembuluh darah�. Thus, the equivalence state has been reached between the two terms. Literal translation procedure is adequate to translate the ST (bleeding) into TT (perdarahan) which is already common in Indonesian medical practices.
The next one is Transference. Transference in medical terminology concepts in medical terminology concepts and translation procedure. There is only one data of transference which is found in this study and shown in Table 4.
Table 4
Transference procedure
|
No |
Source Text |
Target Text |
|
1 |
Diabetes mellitus |
Diabetes mellitus |
|
Total���������������������� 1 |
||
This example of transference is explained below.
ST: � no history of Diabetes mellitus,�..
TT: � tidak ada riwayat Diabetes mellitus,�..
As (Cohen & DePetris, 2013) mentioned in their theory, {Diabetes mellitus} is a noun phrase and belongs to diagnosis. In the data, the English phrase {Diabetes mellitus} is translated into Indonesian {Diabetes mellitus} without any changes and without writing it in italics.� The translator just borrowed the phrase from English and used the phrase in the TT without making any adjustment in its spelling (orthography) and pronunciation. In other words, {Diabetes mellitus} in TT is treated as a non-modified loanword; thus, transference is involved here. To a certain extent, this may be acceptable. However, the translator may overlook some things, one of which is the fact that in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Daring, there is already the phrase {diabetes melitus} which obviously has undergone phonetic and orthographic changes to comply with Indonesian pronunciation and spelling systems. There is also an Indonesian phrase {sakit gula} which is also equivalent to {Diabetes mellitus}, but it is rarely used now by Indonesian people. Besides that, the translator might think that many Indonesians have already familiar with the English phrase {Diabetes mellitus}, so the translator decided to use the same term {Diabetes mellitus} although the translator should have written it in italics in TT to mark that this is an English phrase. This is why the translator�s option to use transference which produces {Diabetes mellitus} in TT is somewhat questionable. Since the translator used transference, the English phrase {Diabetes mellitus} and its Indonesian counterpart {Diabetes mellitus} suggest an equivalence in meaning although �questionable� in forms. However, if the naturalization procedure is used, the translation should have been much better.The English phrase {Diabetes mellitus} can be translated into the Indonesian {Diabetes melitus} which has been modified in terms of pronunciation and spelling to comply with the Indonesian phonetic and orthographic systems.� With regard to the meaning, the Free Dictionary defines {Diabetes mellitus} as �a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the body�, while Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Daring defines {diabetes melitus} as �gangguan metabolisme karbohidrat karena kelenjar pankreas tidak mampu menyekresi insulin yang cukup dengan gejala adanya gula dalam urine� sehingga kadar glukosa dalam darah meninggi�. Thus, the meanings of the two terms are equivalent. Therefore, naturalization should have been used here instead of transference. �The next category is using foreign words or phrases in italics in medical terminology concepts. There are two data of use foreign words or phrases in italics which are found in this study and shown in Table 5.
Table 5
Distribution of use foreign �words or phrases in italics
|
No |
Source Text |
Target Text |
|
1 |
Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) |
Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA) |
|
2 |
Stroke |
Stroke |
|
Total������������������������������� 2 |
||
Table 5 shows two terms in the form of words (phrases and not phrases) which are not translated and use foreign words or phrases in italic. There is one example explained below.
ST: Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA), . . . .
TT: Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA), . . . .
In the example above, it is shown that the ST {Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA)} is not translated because in TT, the translator still used {Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA)} written in italics. When it writes down a foreign word or phrase, it must use italicized words and phrases. The translator may have thought that this {Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture (YNSA)} is like a �brand or organization or technic therapy name� which should not be translated into TT.
Conclusion
Based on the data analysis and discussion, there are some conclusions that can be drawn. First, the translator used some translation procedures in translating the article entitled Safety of Yamamoto New Scalp Acupuncture in Healthy Subjects and the relationship between shoulder stiffness, diagnosis points, and stimulation points from English to Indonesian.
Second, from five categorizations of medical terminology concepts from Cohen and DePetris (2014), four are found in this study: word part, body system, diagnosis, and treatment. Furthermore, most of the data are noun phrases (25 data), and the data can be categorized into non-body system (29 data), non-diagnosis (26 data), and non-treatment (24 data) in medical terminology concepts.
Third, the translator used five translation procedures. The procedures are transposition (24 data), naturalization (nine data), use foreign words or phrases in italics (two data), literal translation (one data), and transference (one data). It is also found that the data with transference procedure is questionable, and the better way to translate the phrase in the data is by using naturalization. Based on the findings above, the concepts of medical terminology by Cohen and DePetris� (2014) can be applied as a supplementary knowledge that can help in carrying out medical translation. Some of the translation procedures explained by Newmark (1988) can be applied in medical terminology translation. Therefore, the combination of both concepts can be used in medical terminology translation procedures. Finally, it can be suggested that a translator should be careful when choosing the correct and more appropriate procedure when translating a word or a phrase.
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Copyright holder: Yuliawati Kusumaningrum, Neneng Sri Wahyuningsih (2022)
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First publication right: Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia
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