Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN:
2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol. 7, No. 6, Juni 2022
BIOHOLE EFFECTIVENESS ANALYSIS THROUGH THE DISTRIBUTION PATTERN OF MICROBES AT EACH DEPTH IN REAL TIME ON COASTAL SAND
Nugroho Widiasmadi,
Djoko Suwarno
Universitas Wahid Hasyim Indonesia,
Soegijapranata Catholic University, Indonesia
Email: [email protected],
[email protected]
Abstract
This research was conducted on coastal sand,
especially for plantations, with the aim of not only restoring the health and
fertility of the soil due to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides as
well as seeing the pattern of EC distribution at each depth from the center of
the biohole based on the time of observation. Through
controlled microbial activity, its spread through two types of biohole, namely horizontal and vertical biohole.
This research observes in real time through soil parameter sensors connected to
the micro controller to changes in soil acidity, infiltration rate,
conductivity electrolyte level and porosity level through soil infiltration
rate. Through simulations with 2 types of biohole, it
can be seen the increase in EC in each depth to the time of observation in real
time. From the observations of graphs and EC standards, it can be seen that the
ability of the soil to provide nutrients in the root growth zone to support the
schedule and distribution patterns of planting both during vegetative growth
and generative growth periods. So that we will know the proper biohole distance and spacing in order to be able to provide
vegetative and generative mass nutrition based on nutrient values monitored
through sensors that change the analog parameters in the micro posesor into digital information transmitted by wifi in real time. Sand coastal soil fertility simulation
based on the number of microbial populations = 10 8 / cfu with Variable 1:
Soil Fertility Value or Electrolyte Conductivity / EC
at a depth of 26 cm from 550 uS / cm to 1238 uS / cm on day 35 and from
1238 uS / cm down to 990 uS
/ cm on day 40. Varibale 2: Soil Fertility Value or Electrolyte Conductivity / EC at a depth of 24
cm from 550 uS / cm up to 968 uS
/ cm on day 35 & from 968 uS
/ cm down to 842 uS / cm on day 40.
Keywords: biohole, microbial,
coastal sand, micro controler, horizontal biohole, vertical biohole, soil
acidity, infiltration, electrolyte conductivity, biosoildam
Introduction
The potential of sand coastal land is very large for
agricultural business, but the structure of this soil layer is also easily
damaged if managed incorrectly. The ability of farmers also needs to be
improved, especially in understanding the characteristics of this soil. So that
with Biosoildam technology it will save fertilizer
use and increase crop production while preserving natural resources through
soil and water conservation.
The current decline in
carrying land capacity continues to expand (environement degradation). One of the main contributing factors is the decrease
in the soil fertility, health and absorption (infiltration rate), triggered by
excessive use of inorganic fertilizers (pesticides) (Widiasmadi, 2019).
To restore the land's capacity quickly and measurably and to restore soil
productivity as well, infiltration is not enough. Biological agents (biofertilizer)
are needed to support soil and water conservation. However, so far, there has
not been any periodical and continuous/real-time measurement of the monitoring
& assessment system of agricultural cultivation. Thus, accurate information
on a soil parameter in achieving a harvest target is needed.
Infiltration is the process
of water flowing into the soil which generally comes from rainfall, while the
infiltration rate is the amount of water that enters the soil per unit time.
This process is a very important part of the hydrological cycle which can
affect the amount of water that is on the surface of the soil. Water on the
surface soil will enter the soil and then flow into the river (Sunjoto, 2018).
Not all surface water flows into the soil, but some portion of the water
remains in topsoil to be further evaporated back into the atmosphere through
the soil surface or soil evaporation (Suripin, 2018).
Infiltration capacity is the
ability of the soil to absorb large amounts of water into the ground and
influenced by the microorganism activities in the soil (Widiasmadi, 2020b).
The large infiltration capacity can reduce surface runoff. The reduced soil
pores, generally caused by soil compacting, can cause a decreased infiltration.
This condition is also affected by the soil contamination (Dr, 2020b)
due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which hardens the
soil as well.
Smart-Biosoildam is a Biodam technology
development that involves microbial activity in increasing the measured and
controlled inflation rate. Biological activities through the role of microbes
as agents of biomass decomposition and soil conservation become important
information for soil conservation efforts in supporting healthy food security (Dr, 2020a).
Such development has used a microcontroller to effectively monitor the
activities of the said agents through the electrolyte conductivity parameter as
an analogue input of EC sensors embedded in the soil and further converted to
digital information by the microcontroller (Widiasmadi, 2020a).
To control the activities of
biological agents, other variables are needed, such as information on pH,
humidity (M) and soil temperature (T) obtained from pH sensors, T sensors, M
sensors. These sensors are connected to a microcontroller which can be accessed
through a pin that functions as a GPIO (General Port Input Output) in the ESP8266
Module so as to provide the additional capability of a WIFI-enabled
microcontroller to send all analogue responses to digital in real-time, every
second, minute, hour, day and monthly. Furthermore, we can display this data in
infographics and numeric tables to be stored and processed in the WEB (Wasisto, 2018).
Method
To maximize yields, optimal
soil nutrient content is required ranging from vegetative growth to generative
growth so as to save the use of organic fertilizers and other nutrients. This
research is to observe the number of microbes that spread radially through the
horizontal & vertical biohole as the center of
microbial distribution which is observed in real time using soil parameter
sensors. This research will show soil characteristics in its ability to
increase natural fertility and the ability to nourish the soil from toxins that
come from water and air pollution.
The study was conducted on
alluvial land which for decades has been the source of livelihood for the
community of Sanden Village Pandak
District Bantul Regency. Land management lacks soil and water conservation.
People use chemical fertilizers & pesticides excessively which harden the
soil texture, acidify the soil and decrease the yields. Hardened agricultural
land also triggers floods, since the soil's ability to absorb decreases. This
research that took place from January � Juli 2020,
intends to restore the carrying capacity of the land.
Tools and materials used in
research are: Mikrokontroler Arduino UNO,Wifi ESP8266, Soil parameter
sensor : Temperature (T) DS18B20, humidity (M) V1.2, Electrolit
Conductivity (EC) G14 PE, Acidity pH) Tipe SEN0161-V2
, LCD module HD44780 controller, Biohole as Injector fotr Biosoildam, Biofertilizer
Mikrobia Alfafaa MA-11, red union straw as microbia
nest, Abney level, Double Ring Infiltrometer, Erlemeyer,
ruler, Stop watch, plastic bucket, tally sheet, measuremet
glass, micro scale, hydrometer dan water (Douglas, 1988).
A.
Determining plot and sensor points
To determine plots and
sensors, this study uses purposive sampling at distances 3 metre
from the center of Biohole with a diameter of 0,25
& 0,3 meter as the central radial distribution of the biological agent
Microbe Alfaafa MA-11 through the water injection
process. Infiltration rate and radial biological agent distribution can be
controlled in real-time through measurement sensors with parameters: EC/salt
ion (macronutrients), pH, humidity and soil temperature. And as a periodical
control, the infiltration rate with a Double Ring Infiltrometer on the variable
distance from the center of the Biohole are manually
measured. Next, soil samples are also taken to analyze their characteristics,
such as soil texture, organic material content and bulk density (Douglas, 1988).
_files/image002.jpg)
Figure 1:�
Double Ring Infiltrometer & Sensors
_files/image004.gif)
Figure 2: Instalation of Double Ring Infiltrpmeter
_files/image008.gif)
Figure 3. Coastal Sand Layers
_files/image010.jpg)
Figure 4. Distributiom &
Biohole Structure
B.
Data Processing
1.
Catalysis Discharge
Smartbiosoildam innovation uses
runoff discharge as a media for biological agents
distribution through the inlet/inflow (Biohole) as a centre for the microbial populations distribution with
water. The runoff discharge calculation as a basis for the Inflow Biosoildam formula requires the following stages:
1.
conducting a rainfall analysis,
2.
calculating the catchment area, and
3.
analyzing the soil/rock layers.
Biosoildam structure can be
made with holes in the soil layer without or using water pipes/reinforced concrete
pipes (RCP) with perforated layer that will let microbes to spread radially. We
can calculate the discharge entering Biohole as a
function of the catchment characteristic with a rational formula:
Q = 0,278 CIA������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������
��� (1)
where C is the runoff
coefficient value, I is the precipitation and A is the area (Damayanti, 2011).
Based on this formula, the Table presents the results of runoff discharge.
2.
Infiltration
Infiltration
is
the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It is commonly
used in both hydrology and soil sciences. The infiltration capacity is defined
as the maximum rate of infiltration. It is most often measured in meters per
day but can also be measured in other units of distance over time if necessary.
The infiltration capacity decreases as the soil moisture content of soils
surface layers increases. If the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration
rate, runoff will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier.
Infiltrometers, permeameters and rainfall simulators are all devices that can
be used to measure infiltration rates. Infiltration is caused by multiple factors
including; gravity, capillary forces, adsorption and osmosis. Many soil
characteristics can also play a role in determining the rate at which
infiltration occurs.
The spread of microbes as a
biomass decomposting agent can be controlled through
the calculation of the infiltration rate at point radius from Biohole as the centre of the
spread of microbes. by using the Horton method. Horton observed that
infiltration starts from a standard value fo and exponentially decreases to a constant condition fc. One of the earliest infiltration
equations developed by Horton is:
f(t)
= fc + (fo � fc)e-kt������ (2)
where : k is a constant reduction to
the dimension [T -1] or a constant decreasing infiltration rate. fo is an infiltration rate capacity at
the beginning of the measurement. fc is
a constant infiltration capacity that depends on the soil type.
The fo and fc parameters are
obtained from the field measurement using a double-ring infiltrometer. The fo and fc parameters are the functions of soil type and cover. Sandy or
gravel soils have high values, while bare clay soils have little value, and for
grassy land surfaces, the value increases (Widiasmadi, 2019).
The infiltration calculation
data from the measurement results in the first 15 minutes, the second 15
minutes, the third 15 minutes and the fourth 15 minutes at distance from the centre of Biohole are converted
in units of cm/hour with the following formula:
Infiltration rate =
(ΔH/t x 60)��� (3)
where: ΔH = height
decrease (cm) within a certain time interval, T = the time interval required by
water in ΔH to enter the ground (minutes) (Zhanbin, Lun, Suiqi, & Pute, 1997).
This observation takes place every 3 days for one month.
3.
Soil Characteristics
The porosity of soils is
critical in determine the infiltration capacity. Soils that have smaller pore
sizes, such as clay, have lower infiltration capacity and slower infiltration
rates than soils that have large pore size, such as sands. One exception to this
rule is when clay is present in dry conditions. In this case, the soil can
develop large cracks which leads to higher infiltration capacity.
Soil compaction is also impacts infiltration capacity. Compaction of soils results
in decreased porosity within the soils, which decreases infiltration capacity.
Hydrophobic soils can develop after wildfires have happened, which can greatly
diminish or completely prevent infiltration from occurring.
Soil
moisture content: Soil that is already saturated has no more capacity to hold
more water, therefore infiltration capacity has been reached and the rate
cannot increase past this point. This leads to much more surface runoff. When
soil is partially saturated then infiltration can occur at a moderate rate and
fully unsaturated soils have the highest infiltration capacity.
Organic materials in soils
Organic materials in the
soil (including plants and animals) all increase the infiltration capacity.
Vegetation contains roots that extent into the soil which create cracks and
fissures in the soil, allowing for more rapid infiltration and increased
capacity. Vegetation can also reduce surface compaction of the soil which again
allows for increased infiltration. When no vegetation is present infiltration
rates can be very low, which can lead to excessive runoff and increased erosion
levels. Similarly to vegetation, animals that burrow
in the soil also create cracks in the soil structure.
4.
Microbial Population
This analysis uses MA-11
biological agents that have been tested by the Microbiology Laboratorium
of Gadjah Mada University based on Ministerial
Regulation standards: No 70/Permentan/SR.140/10 2011,
includes:
Table
1
Microbes
Analysis
|
No |
Population Analysis |
Result |
No |
Population Analysis |
Result |
|
1 |
Total of Micobes |
18,48 x 108cfu |
8 |
Ure-Amonium-Nitrat Decomposer |
Positive |
|
2 |
Selulotik Micobes |
1,39
x 108cfu |
9 |
Patogenity�
for plants |
Negative |
|
3 |
Proteolitik Micobes |
1,32
x 108cfu |
10 |
Contaminant
E-Coly & Salmonella |
Negative |
|
4 |
Amilolitik Micobes |
7,72
x 108cfu |
11 |
Hg |
2,71 ppb |
|
5 |
N Fixtation Micobes |
2,2
x 108cfu |
12 |
Cd |
<0,01
mg/l |
|
6 |
Phosfat Micobes |
1,44
x 108cfu |
13 |
Pb |
<0,01
mg/l |
|
7 |
Acidity |
3,89 |
14 |
As |
<0,01 ppm |
ts application in Biosoildam is concentrating the microbes into
"population media", as a source of soil conditioner for increasing
infiltration rates and restoring natural fertility.
5.
Microcontroller against Nutrient Content, Acidity,
Temperature & Soil Moisture
Indications of microbial
activity on fertility can be controlled through acidity. The number of nutrients
contained in the soil is an indicator of the level of soil fertility due to the
activity of biological agents in decomposing biomass. Important factors that
influence the absorption of nutrients (EC) by plant roots are the degrees of
soil acidity (soil pH), temperature (T) and humidity (M). Soil Acidity level
(pH) greatly influences the plant�s growth rate and development (Boardman & Skrove, 1966).
Microbial activity as a
contributor to soil nutrition from the biomass decomposition results can be controlled
through the salinity level of the nutrient solution expressed through
conductivity as well as other parameters as analogue inputs. Conductivity can
be measured using EC, Electroconductivity or Electrical (or Electro)
Conductivity (EC) is the nutrients density in solution. The more concentrated
the solution is, the greater the delivery of electric current from the cation
(+) and anion (-) to the anode and cathode of the EC meter. Thus, it results in
the higher EC. The measurement unit of EC is mS/cm (millisiemens)
(John M Laflen, Ph.D, Junilang Tian, Professor Chi-Hua Huang, 2011).
This study uses an Arduino
Uno microcontroller which has 14 digital pins, of which there are 6 pins used
as Pulse Width Modulation or PWM outputs, namely the pins D.3, D.5, D.6, D.9,
D.10, D.11, and 6 analogue input pins for these soil parameter elements, namely
EC, T, pH, M. Analog input on Arduino. Uno uses C language and for programming
uses a compatible software for all types of Arduino (Greengard, 2017).
Arduino Uno microcontroller can facilitate communication between Arduino Uno
with computers including smartphones. This microcontroller provides USART
(Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous Serial Receiver and Transmitter)
facilities located at the D.0 (Rx) pin and the D.1 (Tx) pin.
This research uses the
ESP8266 data transmission system with the firmware and the AT Command set that
can be programmed with Arduino. The ESP8266 module is an on-chip system that
can be connected to a WIFI network. Besides, several pins function as GPIO
(General Port Input Output) to access these ground parameter sensors that are
connected to Arduino, so that the system can connect to wifi
(Schwab, 2017).
Thus, we can process analogue inputs of various soil parameters into digital
information and process them via the web.
Results And Discussion
A.
Rainfall Design and Frequency Duration Intensity (FDI)
The rainfall design
intensity was determined using rainfall data from Bantul Station in 2008-2018
Statistical analysis was performed to determine the distribution type used,
which in this study was the Log Person III�s. Distribution checking on whether
rain opportunities can be accepted or not is calculated using the Chi Square
test and the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Next, the design rainfall intensity is
calculated using the mononobe formula.
B.
Discharge Plan
The discharge plan as a
MA-11 microbial catalyst uses the rainfall intensity for 1 hour since it is
estimated that the most predominant rainfall duration in the area studied is 1
hour. The runoff coefficient for various surface flow coefficients is 0.70 -
0.95 (Suripin 2013), while in this study
we use the smallest flow coefficient value, which is 0.70.
The discharge plan has various
catchment areas, between 9 m2 to 110 m2 with a
proportional relationship. The larger the plot, the greater the plan discharge
generated as a biohole inflow.
The depth of Biohole in the study area in the 25-year return period
ranges from 0.80 m to 1.50 m. The absorption volume will determine the maximum
capacity of water contained in Biohole. The greater
the volume of Biohole is, the greater the water
container is.
C.
Biohole Design
a)
Vertical Biohole walls use natural walls with a 0.3 m diameter and a
0.8 m depth or the storage area of 36 m2. Organic material (slurry combined
with solid pressed red onion straw waste) is used as a place for microbial
populations/microbial sources. The top is installed pipe from ground tank to
slurry flow from digester. Thus, when filled with organic material water, it
remains stable to maintain the radial spread of microbes. The Biohole volume capacity for that dimension is 0.157 m3,
with a catchment of 36 m2 and the 25 year-discharge = 0.0000841 m3/sec and will
be fully filled in about 15 to 20 minutes. This figure considers natural
resources in the form of rainfall intensity of the study area which adjusted to
the spread of microbes. Therefore, the water-emptying phase and the microbial
population formulation phase can take place optimally.
b)
Horizontal Biohole walls use natural walls with a 0,25 m diameter and a
0.4 m depth or the storage area of 36 m2. Organic material (solid pressed red
onion straw waste) is used as a place for microbial populations/microbial
sources. The top is coated with a 5 cm thick rock which acts as an
energy-breaking medium. Thus, when filled with organic material water, it
remains stable to maintain the radial spread of microbes (Nugroho Widiasmadi,
2019). The Biohole volume capacity for
that dimension is 0.125 m3, with a catchment of 36 m2 and the 25 year-discharge
= 0.0000841 m3/sec and will be fully filled in about 15 to 20 minutes. This
figure considers natural resources in the form of rainfall intensity of the
study area which adjusted to the spread of microbes. Therefore, the
water-emptying phase and the microbial population formulation phase can take
place optimally.
D.
Soil Coating Effect on Biohole
If land is covered by
impermeable surfaces, such as pavement, infiltration cannot occur as the water
cannot infiltrate through an impermeable surface This relationship also leads
to increased runoff. Areas that are impermeable often have storm drains which
drain directly into water bodies, which means no infiltration occurs.
Vegetative cover of the land also impacts the infiltration capacity. Vegetative
cover can lead to more interception of precipitation, which can decrease
intensity leading to less runoff, and more interception. Increased abundance of
vegetation also leads to higher levels of evapotranspiration which can decrease
the amount of infiltration rate. Debris from vegetation such as leaf cover can
also increase infiltration rate by protecting the soils from intense
precipitation events.
Sand
soil is soil with large particles. This soil is formed from igneous and
sedimentary rocks that have large and coarse grains or what is often
called gravel. Sand soil has a low water fiber
capacity because it is mostly composed of particles measuring 0.02 to 2 mm.
Generally, sandy soils have not formed aggregates so they are sensitive to
erosion. Elements contained in sandy soil are P and K elements which are still
fresh and not ready to be absorbed by plants. In addition, there is also
elemental N in very little levels. Sand soil is land
that is spread quite a lot in the territory of Indonesia. Broadly speaking,
this sand soil is divided into 3, namely:
1.
Land of volcanic ash sand. This sandy soil is
located in vulcanic fan areas, namely volcanic lava that
flows downward in a widening shape like a fan.
2.
Sand dunes This sand land usually exists in
coastal areas.
3.
Sedimentary rock with folded hill topography.
E.
Characteristics of Coastal Sand
Sand
soil does not contain water, minerals, and nutrients because the texture of the
sandy soil is very weak. Sand soil
also has low fertility so that very few plants can grow in sandy soil. Sand soil has a large cavity so that air exchange can run
smoothly. In addition, sand soil is not sticky when wet, making sand soil easy
to cultivate. Sand soil has a rough texture. There
are large pore spaces between the grains so that this soil condition becomes a
loose and loose structure. With such conditions, this sand soil has a low
ability to bind water. Basically, sand soil is soil that is not suitable for use
as a planting medium because the particles are large and can
not hold water. When used as a planting medium, water will infiltrate,
move down through the soil cavity, causing plants to lack water and wither.
The nutrient
content in sandy soil is very limited. The phosphorus content is very little,
around 5.1 - 20.5 ppm. The content of other organic matter
is only around 0.4 -0.8 percent. The sodium content is around 0.05-0.08 percent
and the potassium content is around 0.09-0.2 percent. This condition causes
sand soil to be categorized as infertile soil. Apart from fertility, the sand
surface temperature is also very high, generally above 30 degrees Celsius. This
soil character is not very supportive for the growth of existing plants.
F.
Sand
Soil Improvement.
Because sand
soil is infertile soil but because of its abundance in the territory of
Indonesia, this area of sand soil can be used as reserve land
or alternative land for maximum use. Efforts to improve sand soil so that it
can be used as a planting medium requires the addition of organic matter. This
organic material can be compost, manure, or peat. This organic material
functions as a binder or adhesive. The sand grains that were originally loose
and separated are bound with organic material to make them lumpy. With this
mixing, the soil structure will then become crumbly. In addition, organic
material which serves to absorb water. With this mixture of organic matter,
finally the ability to store water increases. Organic
matter, compost, or manure used to mix sandy soil is organic matter that has
been ripe. The characteristics of ripe organic matter are black, odorless, and
crumbly. However, if the material to be mixed is peat, it is better if half
ripe peat is chosen. The characteristic of undercooked peat
is that when the peat is crushed, the peat flakes that come out through the
fingers are not much. The application of organic matter to sand soil is carried
out with the right dose. The size of this organic matter is a minimum of 20 tonnes / ha. Apart from providing organic matter, another
thing that needs to be considered is the provision of water which can be done
by watering when sand soil is used as a planting medium. The nature of the
sandy soil is easy to dry, so watering must be done regularly. Watering
techniques in the dry season should be done more frequently than during the
rainy season. In the dry season, watering can be done 2 to 3 times a day.
G.
Utilization of Coastal Sand
Basically,
sand soil is indeed low fertility soil. With good technology and processing
techniques, this sand soil can be used for agricultural land. Various studies
have been conducted to assess and improve the benefits of sandy soil. The aim
of these studies is to make sand soil more productive. Sand
soil that has been processed and adjusted to its needs can be used for the
cultivation of chilies, shallots, dragon fruit plants, and so on. The principle
is that the use of sand soil for agricultural land requires efforts to increase
its fertility level so that the land changes according to the needs of the
plant. This soil type is widely distributed in
Bantul plains area.
Table 2
EC rate for Vertical Biohole
|
DEPTH |
|
EC (uS/cm) DAY : |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
MICROBIAL
POPULATION 10 8 / CFU |
||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
(M) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
5 |
|
10 |
|
15 |
|
20 |
|
25 |
|
30 |
|
35 |
|
40 |
|
45 |
|
50 |
|
55 |
|
60 |
||
|
-2 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-4 |
546,0 |
559,0 |
565,5 |
552,5 |
585,0 |
629,2 |
635,7 |
570,0 |
565,0 |
560,0 |
550,0 |
550,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-6 |
546,0 |
565,5 |
572,0 |
630,5 |
663,0 |
698,1 |
704,6 |
590,0 |
570,0 |
565,0 |
560,0 |
555,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-8 |
546,0 |
569,4 |
585,0 |
708,5 |
741,0 |
787,8 |
808,6 |
603,0 |
581,4 |
574,2 |
569,7 |
567,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-10 |
546,0 |
572,0 |
585,0 |
721,5 |
754,0 |
796,9 |
817,7 |
652,5 |
594,0 |
586,8 |
576,0 |
573,3 |
|||||||||||||
|
-12 |
546,0 |
578,5 |
598,0 |
734,5 |
767,0 |
871,0 |
824,2 |
666,0 |
627,3 |
594,0 |
580,5 |
577,8 |
|||||||||||||
|
-14 |
546,0 |
578,5 |
611,0 |
741,0 |
863,2 |
897,0 |
826,8 |
693,0 |
654,3 |
621,0 |
597,6 |
594,9 |
|||||||||||||
|
-16 |
546,0 |
585,0 |
637,0 |
754,0 |
863,2 |
897,0 |
904,8 |
747,0 |
708,3 |
675,0 |
651,6 |
648,9 |
|||||||||||||
|
-18 |
546,0 |
630,5 |
746,2 |
804,7 |
878,8 |
912,6 |
933,4 |
778,5 |
739,8 |
706,5 |
683,1 |
668,7 |
|||||||||||||
|
-20 |
546,0 |
695,5 |
811,2 |
869,7 |
943,8 |
977,6 |
998,4 |
823,5 |
784,8 |
751,5 |
728,1 |
713,7 |
|||||||||||||
|
-22 |
546,0 |
757,9 |
873,6 |
932,1 |
1006,2 |
1040,0 |
1076,4 |
877,5 |
838,8 |
805,5 |
782,1 |
767,7 |
|||||||||||||
|
-24 |
546,0 |
881,4 |
997,1 |
1055,6 |
1129,7 |
1163,5 |
1199,9 |
963,0 |
924,3 |
891,0 |
867,6 |
853,2 |
|||||||||||||
|
-26 |
546,0 |
920,4 |
1036,1 |
1094,6 |
1168,7 |
1202,5 |
1238,9 |
990,0 |
951,3 |
918,0 |
894,6 |
880,2 |
|||||||||||||
|
-28 |
546,0 |
890,5 |
1006,2 |
1064,7 |
1138,8 |
1201,2 |
1237,6 |
1035,0 |
958,5 |
917,1 |
893,7 |
879,3 |
|||||||||||||
|
-30 |
546,0 |
842,4 |
958,1 |
1016,6 |
1132,3 |
1194,7 |
1231,1 |
1039,5 |
963,0 |
921,6 |
889,2 |
874,8 |
|||||||||||||
|
-32 |
546,0 |
813,8 |
929,5 |
988,0 |
1103,7 |
1166,1 |
1202,5 |
1039,5 |
963,0 |
921,6 |
889,2 |
855,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-34 |
546,0 |
722,8 |
838,5 |
954,2 |
1069,9 |
1132,3 |
1168,7 |
1035,0 |
958,5 |
917,1 |
884,7 |
850,5 |
|||||||||||||
|
-36 |
546,0 |
709,8 |
825,5 |
941,2 |
1056,9 |
1119,3 |
1155,7 |
1026,0 |
949,5 |
908,1 |
875,7 |
841,5 |
|||||||||||||
|
-38 |
546,0 |
630,5 |
799,5 |
915,2 |
1030,9 |
1093,3 |
1142,7 |
1017,0 |
940,5 |
899,1 |
866,7 |
832,5 |
|||||||||||||
|
-40 |
546,0 |
604,5 |
773,5 |
889,2 |
1004,9 |
1067,3 |
1116,7 |
999,0 |
922,5 |
881,1 |
848,7 |
814,5 |
|||||||||||||
|
-42 |
546,0 |
580,0 |
728,0 |
843,7 |
959,4 |
1060,8 |
1110,2 |
994,5 |
918,0 |
876,6 |
844,2 |
810,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-44 |
546,0 |
576,0 |
702,0 |
817,7 |
952,9 |
1054,3 |
1103,7 |
990,0 |
913,5 |
872,1 |
839,7 |
805,5 |
|||||||||||||
|
-46 |
546,0 |
575,0 |
680,0 |
825,5 |
960,7 |
1062,1 |
1111,5 |
981,0 |
918,9 |
877,5 |
845,1 |
810,9 |
|||||||||||||
|
-48 |
546,0 |
570,0 |
660,0 |
825,5 |
960,7 |
1062,1 |
1111,5 |
967,5 |
905,4 |
864,0 |
831,6 |
797,4 |
|||||||||||||
|
-50 |
546,0 |
568,0 |
630,0 |
821,6 |
956,8 |
1058,2 |
1107,6 |
945,0 |
882,9 |
841,5 |
809,1 |
794,7 |
|||||||||||||
|
-52 |
546,0 |
566,0 |
610,0 |
819,0 |
923,0 |
1024,4 |
1073,8 |
921,6 |
859,5 |
818,1 |
785,7 |
771,3 |
|||||||||||||
|
-54 |
546,0 |
564,0 |
590,0 |
777,4 |
881,4 |
1006,2 |
1055,6 |
909,0 |
846,9 |
805,5 |
773,1 |
758,7 |
|||||||||||||
|
-56 |
546,0 |
560,0 |
570,0 |
711,1 |
815,1 |
939,9 |
1029,6 |
891,0 |
828,9 |
787,5 |
755,1 |
740,7 |
|||||||||||||
|
-58 |
546,0 |
555,0 |
565,0 |
652,6 |
756,6 |
881,4 |
971,1 |
850,5 |
788,4 |
747,0 |
714,6 |
700,2 |
|||||||||||||
|
-60 |
546,0 |
550,0 |
560,0 |
648,7 |
752,7 |
877,5 |
967,2 |
828,0 |
785,7 |
744,3 |
711,9 |
697,5 |
|||||||||||||
|
-62 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
550,0 |
647,4 |
751,4 |
876,2 |
965,9 |
810,0 |
767,7 |
726,3 |
693,9 |
679,5 |
|||||||||||||
|
-64 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
540,0 |
621,4 |
725,4 |
850,2 |
939,9 |
792,0 |
749,7 |
708,3 |
675,9 |
661,5 |
|||||||||||||
|
-66 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
585,0 |
596,7 |
774,8 |
864,5 |
720,0 |
677,7 |
636,3 |
623,7 |
620,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-68 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
585,0 |
572,0 |
750,1 |
839,8 |
675,0 |
632,7 |
619,2 |
606,6 |
610,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-70 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
585,0 |
565,5 |
620,1 |
709,8 |
660,0 |
620,0 |
609,0 |
608,0 |
605,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-72 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
572,0 |
565,5 |
555,1 |
644,8 |
650,0 |
615,0 |
604,0 |
603,0 |
602,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-74 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
572,0 |
565,5 |
552,5 |
579,8 |
630,0 |
610,0 |
603,0 |
602,0 |
600,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-76 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
572,0 |
565,5 |
552,5 |
575,9 |
610,0 |
600,0 |
596,0 |
595,0 |
598,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-78 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
572,0 |
565,5 |
552,5 |
560,3 |
600,0 |
592,0 |
591,0 |
590,0 |
594,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-80 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
572,0 |
565,5 |
552,5 |
547,3 |
592,0 |
591,0 |
590,0 |
589,0 |
590,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-82 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
565,5 |
559,0 |
552,5 |
546,0 |
588,0 |
587,0 |
586,0 |
585,0 |
587,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-84 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
565,5 |
559,0 |
552,5 |
546,0 |
585,0 |
584,0 |
583,0 |
582,0 |
585,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-86 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
565,5 |
559,0 |
552,5 |
546,0 |
585,0 |
584,0 |
583,0 |
582,0 |
583,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-88 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
559,0 |
552,5 |
546,0 |
582,0 |
581,0 |
580,0 |
579,0 |
580,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-90 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
552,5 |
549,9 |
546,0 |
575,0 |
574,0 |
573,0 |
572,0 |
575,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-92 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
552,5 |
549,9 |
546,0 |
573,0 |
572,0 |
571,0 |
570,0 |
573,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-94 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
552,5 |
549,9 |
546,0 |
571,0 |
570,0 |
569,0 |
568,0 |
570,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-96 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
552,5 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
560,0 |
566,0 |
565,0 |
564,0 |
568,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-98 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
552,5 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
560,0 |
560,0 |
560,0 |
562,0 |
565,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-100 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
552,5 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
560,0 |
560,0 |
560,0 |
560,0 |
560,0 |
|||||||||||||
Table 3
EC rate for horizontal Biohole
|
DEPTH |
|
EC (uS/cm) DAY: |
|
|
|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
|
|
MICROBIAL POPULATION
10 8 / CFU |
|
|
|
|
||||||||||||||||||||
|
(M) |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
5 |
|
10 |
|
15 |
|
20 |
|
25 |
|
30 |
|
35 |
|
40 |
|
45 |
|
50 |
|
55 |
|
60 |
||
|
-2 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-4 |
546,0 |
559,0 |
572,0 |
578,5 |
540,0 |
550,0 |
570,0 |
579,0 |
567,0 |
560,0 |
557,0 |
555,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-6 |
546,0 |
572,0 |
585,0 |
604,5 |
617,5 |
590,0 |
620,0 |
584,0 |
572,0 |
565,0 |
562,0 |
560,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-8 |
546,0 |
585,0 |
591,5 |
611,0 |
630,5 |
682,5 |
708,5 |
589,0 |
577,0 |
570,0 |
567,0 |
565,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-10 |
546,0 |
598,0 |
604,5 |
650,0 |
663,0 |
689,0 |
748,8 |
592,0 |
580,0 |
573,0 |
570,0 |
568,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-12 |
546,0 |
604,5 |
621,4 |
663,0 |
695,5 |
708,5 |
767,0 |
600,0 |
582,0 |
575,0 |
572,0 |
570,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-14 |
546,0 |
617,5 |
643,5 |
695,5 |
721,5 |
754,0 |
811,2 |
652,0 |
592,0 |
585,0 |
582,0 |
580,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-16 |
546,0 |
617,5 |
676,0 |
715,0 |
761,8 |
806,0 |
864,5 |
677,6 |
650,0 |
628,0 |
592,0 |
590,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-18 |
546,0 |
624,0 |
695,5 |
741,0 |
786,5 |
825,5 |
882,7 |
728,0 |
691,2 |
662,4 |
600,0 |
595,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-20 |
546,0 |
624,0 |
702,0 |
747,5 |
829,4 |
851,5 |
903,5 |
800,0 |
784,0 |
720,0 |
640,0 |
600,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-22 |
546,0 |
620,1 |
682,5 |
748,8 |
819,0 |
890,5 |
942,5 |
840,8 |
804,0 |
784,0 |
716,8 |
604,8 |
|||||||||||||
|
-24 |
546,0 |
611,0 |
644,8 |
728,0 |
799,5 |
897,0 |
968,5 |
842,4 |
823,2 |
784,0 |
736,0 |
624,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-26 |
546,0 |
604,5 |
617,5 |
676,0 |
741,0 |
884,0 |
962,0 |
846,4 |
827,2 |
788,0 |
752,0 |
640,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-28 |
546,0 |
598,0 |
611,0 |
637,0 |
676,0 |
793,0 |
884,0 |
830,4 |
811,2 |
772,0 |
625,0 |
624,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-30 |
546,0 |
591,5 |
604,5 |
624,0 |
650,0 |
754,0 |
838,5 |
800,0 |
680,0 |
650,0 |
620,0 |
600,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-32 |
546,0 |
585,0 |
598,0 |
611,0 |
637,0 |
682,5 |
780,0 |
750,0 |
640,0 |
600,0 |
571,0 |
570,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-34 |
546,0 |
578,5 |
591,5 |
598,0 |
611,0 |
624,0 |
650,0 |
600,0 |
581,0 |
573,0 |
569,0 |
568,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-36 |
546,0 |
559,0 |
585,0 |
585,0 |
598,0 |
604,5 |
604,5 |
590,0 |
578,0 |
570,0 |
566,0 |
565,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-38 |
546,0 |
548,6 |
559,0 |
559,0 |
559,0 |
572,0 |
572,0 |
588,0 |
576,0 |
568,0 |
564,0 |
563,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-40 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
552,5 |
552,5 |
562,9 |
562,9 |
583,0 |
571,0 |
563,0 |
559,0 |
558,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-42 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
552,5 |
552,5 |
560,3 |
560,3 |
581,0 |
569,0 |
561,0 |
557,0 |
556,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-44 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
549,9 |
549,9 |
556,4 |
556,4 |
579,0 |
567,0 |
559,0 |
555,0 |
554,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-46 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
578,0 |
566,0 |
558,0 |
554,0 |
553,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-48 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
575,0 |
563,0 |
555,0 |
551,0 |
550,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
-50 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
546,0 |
|||||||||||||
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||
_files/image012.gif)
Figure 5. Graph of EC vs Depth
Coastal Sand soil fertility
simulation based on biohole type with
� Varibale 1 = using vertical type Biohole
diameter 30 cm depth 80 cm with microbial population 10 8 / cfu, recording soil parameters is done every 5 days for 60
days at every 10 cm depth.
� Varibale 2 = using horizontal type Biohole
diameter 25 cm depth 40 cm with Microbial Population 10 8 / cfu, recording soil parameters is done every 5 days for 60
days at every 10 cm depth.
The initial nutrient
condition before simulating the soil fertility value with the Electrolyte
Conductivity (EC) parameter is 546 uS / cm, a
distance of 3 meters from the center of the Biohole.
From one point for every 10 cm depth, the EC value was measured to a depth of
90 cm, which was observed in real time every 5 days.
A.
The results of observations & recording on the Vertical Biohole variable
are:
1.
Value of soil fertility or Electrolyte Conductivity
/ EC at a depth of 10 cm
� from
550 uS / cm up to 817 uS /
cm on day 35
� from
817 uS / cm down to 652 uS
/ cm on the 40th day
� from
652 uS / cm down to 586 uS
/ cm on the 50th day
� from
586 uS / cm down to 573 uS
/ cm on the 60th day
2.
Soil Fertility Value or Electrolyte
Conductivity / EC at a depth of 26 cm
� from
550 uS / cm to 1238 uS / cm
on day 35
� from
1238 uS / cm down to 990 uS
/ cm on day 40
� from
990 uS / cm down to 918 uS
/ cm on the 50th day
� from
918 uS / cm down to 880 uS
/ cm on the 60th day
3.
Value of soil fertility or Electrolyte
Conductivity / EC at a depth of 40 cm
� from
550 uS / cm to 1116 uS / cm
on day 35
� from
1116 uS / cm down to 999 uS
/ cm on day 40
� from
999 uS / cm down to 881 uS /� cm on the 50th
day
� from
881 uS / cm down to 814 uS
/ cm on the 60th day
4.
Soil Fertility Value or Electrolyte
Conductivity / EC at a depth of 60 cm
� from
550 uS / cm to 967 uS / cm
on day 35
� from
967 uS / cm down to 828 uS
/ cm on day 40
� from
828 uS / cm down to 744 uS
/ cm on the 50th day
� from
744 uS / cm down to 697 uS
/ cm on the 60th day
5.
Soil fertility value or Electrolyte
Conductivity / EC at a depth of 74 cm
� from
550 uS / cm to 579 uS / cm
on day 35
� from
579 uS / cm down to 630 uS
/ cm on day 40
� from
639 uS / cm down to 609 uS
/ cm on the 50th day
� from
609 uS / cm down to 600 uS
/ cm on the 60th day
B.
The results of observation & recording on the Horizontal Biohole
variable are:
1.
Value of soil fertility or Electrolyte
Conductivity / EC at a depth of 10 cm
� from
550 uS / cm up to 748 uS /
cm on day 35
� from
748 uS / cm down to 592 uS
/ cm on the 40th day
� from
592 uS / cm down to 573 uS
/ cm on the 45th day
� from
573 uS / cm down to 568 uS
/ cm on the 60th day
2.
Soil Fertility Value or Electrolyte
Conductivity / EC at a depth of 24 cm
� from
550 uS / cm up to 968 uS /
cm on day 35
� from
968 uS / cm down to 842 uS
/ cm on day 40
� from
842 uS / cm down to 784 uS
/ cm on the 45th day
� from
784 uS / cm down to 624 uS
/ cm on the 60th day
3.
Soil fertility value or Electrolyte
Conductivity / EC at a depth of 30 cm
� from
550 uS / cm up to 838 uS /
cm on day 35
� from
838 uS / cm down to 800 uS
/ cm on day 40 from
800 uS / cm down to 650 uS
/ cm on the 45th day
� from
650 uS / cm down to 600 uS
/ cm on day� 60
4.
Soil Fertility Value or Electrolyte
Conductivity / EC at a depth of 40 cm
� from
550 uS / cm up to 562 uS /
cm on day 35
� from
562 uS / cm down to 583 uS
/ cm on day 40
� from
583 uS / cm down to 563 uS
/ cm on the 45th day
� from
563 uS / cm down to 558 uS
/ cm on the 60th day
H.
Infiltration
Rate on Coastal Sand
_files/image014.jpg)
Figure 6. Graph of Infilration
Rate
The above-mentioned soil
parameters can be controlled towards the infiltration rate, where the
infiltration rate graph shows a constant value at the level of 30 to 120 cm/h
reached after 10 days with the value ranging from 400 to 700 uS/cm.� The biological
agent activities in alluvial soils with infiltration levels will be optimal on
the 30th day.
Conclusion
In a layer of
coastal sand that has a large enough porosity, the speed at which the EC value
increases is large enough so that on the 35th day it has reached the
maximum EC value. But it also experienced a rapid decline where after reaching
the EC value at the peak point, the graph tends to decrease sharply until the
initial EC value limit. So that the graphic pattern in the sand layer
shows the dynamics of the dynamic EC value, namely rapidly rising and falling
quickly. This pattern shows the very good properties of sand as a
catalysis or a medium for transporting / spreading microbes, but very poorly as
a holding medium for root development. So it is
necessary to test the sand material as a filler and transport medium on soils
that have good storage resistance but have low dispersibility such as clay
& inceptisol.
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Copyright
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Djoko Suwarno (2022) |
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Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia |
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