Vol. 6, No. 7, Juni 2022
CAREER
PLANNING OF SMA CIBITUNG BEKASI DISTRICT STUDENTS
Nurmawati, Nilla Fauziah
Universitas Muhammadiyah Prof. Dr. Hamka, Indonesia
Email: n[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
Objective � This research
was conducted to know the high and low career planning of high school students
in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency, who will carry out Career Planning for
the future to be brighter. Design/Methodology/Research � The research was conducted
on SMA Negeri Class XI Science students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency,
including SMA Negeri 1 Cibitung and SMA Negeri 2 Cibitung. This research was
conducted from November 2021 � to April 2022 with quantitative research using a
descriptive approach. The sample collection used was simple random sampling
with a total sample of 170 students. Instruments - Types of instruments used
are questionnaires or questionnaires with a Likert scale in the form of scoring
intervals of 1-4, which will be carried out in data analysis using SPSS 23.
Results and Conclusions The level of career planning for high school students
in Class XI Science in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency. Most of them are in
the high category with a percentage of 91.20% or 155 students, then followed by
the low category with a percentage of 6.50% or 11 students, then followed by a
very high category with a percentage of 2.40% or four students, and a very low
category with a percentage of 0% or 0 students. The level of career planning
for high school students in Class XI Science in Cibitung District, Bekasi
Regency, is based on self-assessment factors, exploring opportunities, making
decisions and goal setting, planning, and pursuit of achievement.
Keywords: Career Planning for High School Students
Introduction
Education has become an inseparable part of
human life. This is because Education is one of the basic rights of every
citizen. In Indonesia, this provision has been regulated in Article 31,
Paragraphs 1 and 2 of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia. The
words of Paragraph 1 and Paragraph 2 of Article 31 of the 1945 Constitution of
the Republic of Indonesia are as follows: (1) "Every citizen has the right
to education". (2) The government implements a national teaching system
regulated by law.
To implement the contents of the article above,
Law Number 20 of 2003 concerning the National Education System was promulgated.
Law Number 20, the Year 2003, provides important definitions related to
Education, one of which is the definition of 'Education' and 'National
Education System'. According to Article 1 Paragraph 1 of Law Number 20 of 2003,
Education is a conscious and planned effort to create a learning atmosphere and
learning process. Students actively develop their potential to have spiritual
strength, self-control, personality, intelligence, and noble character.
Character and skills. Who needs themselves, society, nation and state.
Meanwhile, the definition of the National
Education System is all components of Education that are interrelated in an
integrated manner to achieve the goals of National Education. In the Indonesian
Education System, the education pathway consists of formal Education,
non-formal Education, and informal education, which can complement each other.
So it can be said that guidance and counseling informal education is an
inseparable part of the national education system.
The guidance itself can be interpreted as
helping individuals achieve the self-understanding and self-direction needed to
make maximum adjustments to school, family, and the environment (Putra, 2015).
Guidance is the assistance given to male and female who has a good personality
and adequate Education of any age to develop the activities they do, make their
own choices, and the burdens they experience. Guidance is also an assistance
process provided to individuals who need professionally handled assistance.
(MAHDI, 2015).
The definition of counseling, according to
Prayitno and Erman Amti quoted from their book entitled Basics of Counseling
Guidance, is a process of assistance carried out through interviews by an
expert (counselor) with individuals who are experiencing problems so that the
problem can be resolved by the individual (Amfi, 2008). While the definition of
counseling is a series of the most basic activities of business counseling
guidance to help individuals face to face with the aim that individuals can
take responsibility for the special problems they face (Winkel, 2005). In the
world of Education, guidance and counseling have several special functions that
can provide development for students. The following are the functions of
guidance and counseling according to (Prayitno, 1997) consisting: (a) the
function of understanding; (b) Prevention Function; (c) Alleviation Function;
(d) Maintenance Function.
Implement the function of understanding,
especially to produce an understanding of oneself that is useful for student
development. It can be done in various ways, one of which is establishing a
career plan. Career planning for a student can be said to be very important. A
student must plan what career or job he wants to achieve in the future. Career
planning must be adjusted to the talents, interests, and potential that they
have because each individual has different abilities from other individuals.
Each individual has different abilities in
planning his career because where the desired career path direction is not the
same, it is necessary to plan to determine it. Planning and choosing a career
that suits oneself is important because a person's career will determine
various aspects of his life (Sukadji, 2000). Career planning is one of the
important aspects of individual career development. The ability to make
decisions is the main goal of career planning that must be taken by each
individual (Puspita 2010). In general, many equate career planning with job
selection. However, a career has a broad meaning, not just about job choices. A
career is also related to a person's development in his life in the future to
plan his career and become successful. Career planning ability is closely
related to students' understanding of the career itself. The success of one's
career achievement is influenced by the ability of career planning and mature
decision-making. Someone who has career planning skills, of course, can
understand himself. Thus, the individual can make the most appropriate choice
according to his situation.
However, based on the author's observations,
there are still many high school students (SMA) who still do not have good
career planning skills. This is caused by various factors, one of which is the
lack of skills in acting and making decisions. This is reinforced by the
opinion (Walgito, 2010), which states that class XI students are still said to
be teenagers, which is a period of transition from childhood to adulthood. In
general, these students have not been able to be independent, so they still
need help from others to get to independence, including the ability in career
planning.
Teenager
The word teenager comes from the Latin word
(adolescere), which means to grow, which means to grow into an adult. The
meaning of the word adolesce has a broader term such as mental, emotional,
social and physical maturity (Elizabeth, 2002). According to Piaget
psychologically, adolescence is when individuals experience integration with
adult society. Individuals no longer feel below the level of older people but
are on the same level, at least in solving problems (Elizabeth, Psychology).
Development of an approach throughout the life span, 2002).
According to legal experts in the United States,
individuals are said to be adults when they have reached eighteen years of age,
not twenty-one years as before. The extension of adolescence after the
individual has not been given the rights and responsibilities of an adult has
resulted in a gap between youth and adult responsibilities.
Formulation of the problem
What is the Career Planning Level of Class XI Science Senior High School
Students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency?�
Research methodology
This research is descriptive. The research is only to the
level of describing or describing an object, namely how the career planning of
senior high school students. The research approach in this thesis uses a
quantitative research approach. As stated (Sugiyono 2017:8), quantitative
research methods are defined as research methods based on the philosophy of
positivism, used to examine certain populations or samples, data collection
using research instruments, and analysis of the data are
quantitative/statistical intending to propose predefined hypotension.
The research sample was taken using a random sampling
technique, carried out randomly without regard to the existing strata in the
population. The sample chosen was class XI IPA, with 170 students from 2 high
school level schools. Because there are no criteria in this sampling, the size
of each class uses the Proportional Random Sampling technique. The instrument
used in the study was a questionnaire or questionnaire. The questionnaire is a
series of questions related to a particular topic, given to a group of
individuals to obtain data from A Muri Yusuf (2013). The validity test
technique used in this research is Product Moment correlation. The data
reliability test was carried out using the Alpha Cronbach method. Namely, an
instrument is said to be reliable if it has a reliability coefficient of 0.70
or more.
Statement with a score range of 1-4 so that the ideal score
range is obtained between 36-168. After the data was tabulated, scored, and
analyzed with the help of MS Excel from the analysis results obtained the
minimum value = 85; maximum value = 124; mean (mean) = 97.8; median = 97.5;
mode of = 98; Standard Deviation = 6.62.
Results and Discussion
A. Research Results
This
research was conducted on class XI students in two public high schools in the
Cibitung district, Bekasi Regency. The subjects in this study were students of
Class XI SMA Negeri in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency, who were planning a
career.
B.
Validity and Reliability Results
Validity
is a measure that shows the level of validity or validity of an instrument.
Explaining the validity test is used to measure the validity or validity of a
questionnaire. A questionnaire is said to be valid if the questions on the
questionnaire can reveal something that the questionnaire will measure. In this
study, the SPSS for Windows version 23 program will be used to
measure its validity.
Based
on testing the instrument on career planning of SMA Negeri students in Cibitung
District, Bekasi Regency, with a total of 170 respondents, 36 of 42 items were
valid with the help of SPSS items. Valid items are reused in the study, and
invalid items are replaced. The arrangement of items can be seen in the
following table:
Table 1
Item Validity Test Results
|
Variable |
Indicator |
Sub Indicator |
No Question |
Total |
No Question Valid |
Total |
||
|
(+) |
(-) |
|
(+) |
(-) |
|
|||
|
Career Planning |
1. Self-assessment |
�It knows the talents and interests
that exist in individuals and individual skills. |
4, 13, 32 |
33 |
4 |
4, 13, 32 |
33 |
4 |
|
Able to mention the strengths and weaknesses that individuals have, as
well as assess individual circumstances |
19, 38 |
9,28,29 |
5 |
19, 38 |
9,28,29 |
5 |
||
|
2. Exploring opportunities |
Determine the continuation of studies according to individual talents and
interests. |
6,25 |
7,8,15 |
5 |
6, 25 |
7, 15 |
4 |
|
|
Participate in out-of-school activities that support individual skills,
talents and career goals. |
3,14 |
20 |
3 |
|
20 |
1 |
||
|
3. Making decisions and goal setting |
Individual career decision-making and selection. |
2,36 |
20 |
3 |
36 |
20 |
2 |
|
|
We are setting individual career goals (covering short-term and long-term
goals). |
23,24 |
11,30,31 |
5 |
������ 23, 24 |
11,30,31 |
5 |
||
|
4. Planning |
How individuals plan and achieve career goals. |
10,18,37 |
41,34 |
5 |
�10,18,37 |
41,34 |
5 |
|
|
Individual support to achieve career goals |
16,21 |
22 |
3 |
16,21 |
22 |
3 |
||
|
5. Pursuit of achievement |
Individual actions to achieve achievement. |
12,40,42 |
5 |
4 |
12,40,42 |
5 |
4 |
|
|
Individual actions to maintain career goals. |
27,35 |
17,26 |
4 |
27,35 |
17 |
3 |
||
|
Total |
42 |
36 |
||||||
A reliability test is used to measure a questionnaire that
indicates a variable or constructs. A questionnaire is reliable or reliable if
a person's answer to the statement is consistent or stable from time to time.
The data reliability test was carried out using the Alpha Cronbach method.
Namely, an instrument is said to be reliable if it has a reliability
coefficient of 0.70 or more. The results of data reliability testing can be
seen in the following table:
Table 2
Reliability Results
|
Reliability Statistics |
|
|
Cronbach's Alpha |
N of Items |
|
.625 |
42 |
The table above shows that the Cronbach's alpha value of the
variable is greater than 0.60, so it can be concluded that the questionnaire
instrument used to explain the career planning variables of State Senior High
School students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency is declared reliable or
can be trusted as a variable measuring instrument.
C.
Data Analysis
This study is intended to describe the level of career
planning of SMA Class XI IPA students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency. The
level of career planning is measured by a questionnaire totaling 36 statements
with a score range of 1-4, so the ideal score range is between 36-168. After
the data was tabulated, scored, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel from the
analysis results obtained the minimum value = 85; maximum value = 124; mean
(mean) = 97.8; median = 97.5; mode of = 98; Standard Deviation = 6.62. The
description of the research results can be categorized as follows:
Table 3
Description of Research Result Level of Career Planning for
Class XI Science High School Students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency
|
Interval |
Category |
Frequency |
% |
|
117 < 144 |
Very high |
4 |
2.4 |
|
90 < 117 |
High |
155 |
91.2 |
|
63 < 90 |
Low |
11 |
6.5 |
|
36 < 63 |
Very Low |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
170 |
100 |
|
When
displayed in the form of a diagram can be seen in the image below:
Figure
1
Career
Planning Level Research Results Chart
Table
3
and figure 1
show the level of career planning for high school students in Class XI IPA in
Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency. Most of them are in the high category with a
percentage of 91.20% or 155 students, then followed by the low category with a
percentage of 6.50% or 11 students, then followed by a very high category with
a percentage of 2.40% or four students, and a very low category with a
percentage of 0% or 0 students.
The
level of career planning for high school students in Class XI Science in
Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency, is based on self-assessment factors,
exploring opportunities, making decisions and goal setting, planning, and
pursuit of achievement. The description of the research results of each of
these factors is described as follows:
1.
�Self Assessment
The self-assessment factor is measured by a
questionnaire consisting of 9 statement items with a score range of 1-4 so that
the ideal score range is obtained between 9-36. After the data was tabulated,
scored, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel and SPSS 23.0 software, from the
results of the study, the minimum value = was 19; the maximum value of 30; the
mean (mean) = was 24.47; the median = 24; mode of = 25; Standard Deviation =
2.06. The description of the research results can be categorized as follows:
Table 4
Description of Research Results on Self-Assessment Factors
for Class XI Science High School Students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency
|
interval |
Category |
Frequency |
% |
|
29.25 < 36 |
Very high |
3 |
1.8 |
|
22.5 < 29.25 |
High |
140 |
82.4 |
|
15.75 < 22.5 |
Low |
27 |
15.9 |
|
9 < 15.75 |
Verry Low |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
170 |
100 |
|
When
displayed in the form of a diagram can be seen in the image below:
Figure
2
Self-Assessment
Factor Research Results Chart
Table 4
and
figure 2
show the self-assessment level of high school students in Class XI IPA in
Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency. Most of them are in the high category with a
percentage of 82.40% or 140 students, then followed by the low category with a
percentage of 15.90% or 27 students, then followed by a very high category with
a percentage of 1.80% or three students, and the very low category with a
percentage of 0% or 0 students.
2.
Factors
of Exploring Opportunities
The Exploring Opportunities
factor was measured by a questionnaire consisting of 5 statements with a score
range of 1-4 so that the ideal score range was between 5-20. After the data was
tabulated, scored, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel and SPSS 23.0
software, the results obtained that the minimum value = 11; maximum value 18;
mean (mean) = 14.27; median = 14; mode of = 15; Standard Deviation = 1.37. The
description of the research results can be categorized as follows:
Table 5
Description of Research Results on Exploring Opportunities
Factors for Class XI Science High School Students in Cibitung District, Bekasi
Regency
|
interval |
Category |
Frequency |
% |
|
16.25 < 20 |
Very high |
10 |
5.9 |
|
12.5 < 16.25 |
High |
148 |
87.1 |
|
8.75 < 12.5 |
Low |
12 |
7.1 |
|
5 < 8.75 |
Verry Low |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
170 |
100 |
|
When displayed in the form of
a diagram can be seen in the image below:
�����������
Figure 3
Diagram of
Exploring Opportunities. Factor Research Results
Table
5
and Figure 3
show the level of Exploring Opportunities for Class XI Science High School
students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency. Most of them are in the high
category with a percentage of 87.10% or 148 students, followed by the low
category with a percentage of 7.10% or 12 students, then followed by a very
high category with a percentage of 5.90% or ten students and the very low
category with a percentage of 0% or 0 students.
3. Factors for Making Decisions and Goal
Setting
The Making Decisions And Goal Setting factors are measured by a questionnaire
consisting of 7 statements with a score range of 1-4 so that the ideal score
range is between 7-28. After the data was tabulated, scored, and analyzed with
the help of MS Excel and SPSS 23.0 software, the results obtained that the
minimum value = 11; maximum value 25; mean (mean) = 17.80; median = 18; mode of
= 18; Standard Deviation = 2.15. The description of the research results can be
categorized as follows:
Table 6
Description of Research Results on Making Decisions And Goal
Setting Factors for Class XI Science High School Students in Cibitung District,
Bekasi Regency
|
interval |
Category |
Frequency |
% |
|
22.75 < 28 |
Very high |
5 |
2.9 |
|
17.5 < 22.75 |
High |
95 |
55.9 |
|
12.25 < 17.5 |
Low |
69 |
40.6 |
|
7 < 12.25 |
Verry Low |
1 |
6 |
|
Total |
170 |
100 |
|
When
displayed in the form of a diagram can be seen in the image below:
Figure 4
Diagram of Research Results Factors Making
Decisions And Goal Setting
Table
6
and figure 4 show the level of Making Decisions And Goal Setting of SMA Class
XI IPA students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency. Most of them are in the
high category with a percentage of 55.90% or 95 students, then followed by the
low category with a percentage of 40.60% or 69 students, then followed by a
very low category with a percentage of 6% or one student, and a very high
category with a percentage of 2.90% or five students.
4.
Planning
Factor
The planning factor was measured by a questionnaire
which consisted of 8 statement items with a score range of 1-4 so that the
ideal score range was obtained between 8-32. After the data was tabulated,
scored, and analyzed with the help of MS Excel and SPSS 23.0 software, the
results obtained the minimum value = 14; maximum value 32; mean (mean) = 20.45;
median = 20; mode of = 21; Standard Deviation = 2.22. The description of the
research results can be categorized as follows:
Table �7
Description of Research Results on Planning Factors for
Class XI Science High School Students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency
|
interval |
Category |
Frequency |
% |
|
26 < 32 |
Very high |
5 |
2.9 |
|
20 < 26 |
High |
110 |
64.7 |
|
14 < 20 |
Low |
55 |
32.41 |
|
8 < 14 |
Verry Low |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
170 |
100 |
|
When
displayed in the form of a diagram can be seen in the image below:
Figure 5
Planning Factor Research Results Chart
Table
7
and Figure 5
show the Planning level of high school students in Class XI IPA in Cibitung
District, Bekasi Regency. Most of them are in the high category with a
percentage of 64.70% or 110 students, then followed by the low category with a
percentage of 32.41% or 55 students, followed by a very high category with a
percentage of 2.90% or five students, and a very low category with a percentage
of 0% or 0 students.
5.
Pursuit
Of Achievement Factor
The planning factor was measured by a questionnaire
consisting of 7 statement items with a score range of 1-4 so that the ideal
score range was obtained between 7-28. After the data was tabulated, scored,
and analyzed with the help of MS Excel and SPSS 23.0 software, the results
obtained the minimum value = 16; maximum value 26; mean (mean) = 19.17; median
= 19; mode of = 18; Standard Deviation = 1.92. The description of the research
results can be categorized as follows:
Table 8
Description of Research Results on Pursuit Of Achievement
Factors for Class XI Science High School Students in Cibitung District, Bekasi
Regency
|
interval |
Category |
Frequency |
% |
|
26 < 32 |
Very high |
11 |
6.5 |
|
20 < 26 |
High |
126 |
74.1 |
|
14 < 20 |
Low |
33 |
19.4 |
|
8 < 14 |
Verry Low |
0 |
0 |
|
Total |
170 |
100 |
|
When
displayed in the form of a diagram can be seen in the image below:
Figure 6
Diagram of Pursuit Of Achievement Factor Research Results
Table
8 and
figure 6
show the level of Pursuit Of Achievement for Class XI Science High School
students in Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency. Most of them are in the high
category with a percentage of 74.10% or 126 students, then followed by the low
category with a percentage of 19.40% or 33 students, then followed by a very
high category with a percentage of 6.50% or 11 students, and the very low
category with a percentage of 0% or 0 students.
Discussion and Research Results
A student must plan what
career or job he wants to achieve in the future. Career planning must, of
course, be adjusted to the talents, interests, and potential they have. Career
planning skills are closely related to students' understanding of the career itself.
The success of one's career achievement is influenced by the ability of career
planning and mature decision-making.
After conducting
research on 170 respondents from class XI students in two public high schools
in the Cibitung district, Bekasi Regency, the researcher found that there were
91.20% or 155 students who showed career planning in the high category,
students who showed career planning in the low category were 6.50% or 11
students, students who showed career planning with a very high category were
2.40% or four students, and students who showed career planning in a very low
category were 0% or 0 students.
This study found that
the students of class XI in two SMA Negeri levels in the Cibitung sub-district,
Bekasi Regency, who had career planning in the high categorization were 91.20%.
This is caused by several factors, namely self-assessment, exploring
opportunities, making decisions and goal setting, planning, and pursuing
achievement.
Factor Self
Assessment
Based
on the research conducted by the researcher, it was found that the career
planning level of class XI students in two SMA Negeri levels in the Cibitung
district, Bekasi Regency, based on the self-assessment factor, was in the high
category of 82.40%. Self-assessment factor (self-assessment) is a collection of
information about the individual's self, including values, interests, skills,
ongoing assessment, and assessment of others. Recognizing the talents and
interests and individual skills, coupled with the ability to mention the
strengths and weaknesses possessed, can increase the ability of career planning
students.
1.
Factor
Exploring Opportunities
Based
on the research results conducted by the researcher, it was found that the
career planning level of class XI students in two SMA Negeri levels in the
Cibitung district, Bekasi Regency, based on the Exploring Opportunities factor
was in the high category of 87.10%. Factor Exploring Opportunities involves
gathering information about opportunities inside or outside the school. The
ability to determine the continuation of studies according to individual
talents and interests and participate in activities outside of school that
support individual skills, talents, and career goals is one of the determining
factors that can increase the career achievement of students.
2.
Factor �Making Decisions And Setting
Gols
Based
on the results of the research conducted by the researchers, it was found that
the level of career planning of class XI students in two SMA Negeri levels in
the Cibitung District, Bekasi Regency, based on the factors of making decisions
and setting goals was in the high category of 55.90%. Decision-making and goal
setting include decisions for the short and long term. The existence of
individual career decision-making and selection, accompanied by the setting of
individual career goals in the short and long term, can encourage the level of
student career planning.
3.
Factor
Planning
Based
on the research results conducted by researchers, the level of career planning
of class XI students in two SMA Negeri levels in the Cibitung district, Bekasi
Regency, based on planning factors, is in the high category of 64.70%. Student
career planning consists of planning in determining ways and goals to achieve
goals. The unique way of planning and achieving career goals with support for
these goals can encourage students' career planning levels.
4.
Factor
Pursuit Of Achievement
Based on the research results conducted by
researchers, the level of career planning for class XI students in two public
high schools in the Cibitung district, Bekasi Regency, based on the pursuit of
achievement factor, is in the high category of 74.10%. Pursuit of achievement
or pursuing achievement goals is an action by students to achieve success and
decide to maintain or change career direction. Thus, students' actions to
achieve achievement and maintain their career goals can encourage students'
career planning levels.
Conclusion
The level of career
planning in class XI students in two public high schools in the Cibitung
sub-district, Bekasi Regency, is in the high category, namely 91.20%. The level
of career planning in class XI students based on self-assessment factors is in
the high category of 82.40%, the level of career planning in class XI students
based on exploring opportunities is in the high category of 87.10%, the level
of career planning in class XI students is based on factors of making decisions
and setting goals is in the high category of 55.90%, the level of career
planning for class XI students based on planning factors is in the high
category of 64.70%, and the level of career planning for class XI students
based on the pursuit of achievement factor is in the high category of 74.10%.
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