Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia pï¿½ISSN: 2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398

Vol. 7, No. 7, Juli 2022

SIMULATION OF THE NUMBER OF MICROBIAL POPULATIONS FOR FERTILITY OPTIMIZATION IN CLAY SOILS USING SMART BIOSOIDAM TECHNOLOGY

Nugroho Widiasmadi

Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Wahid Hasyim Semarang, Indonesia

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

This research was conducted on clay soils, especially for vegetable plantations, aimed to determine the ability of the soil layer to distribute nutrients and restore soil health and fertility due to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Through microbial activity that is controlled by spreading through a horizontal biohole, this study observes in real time through a micro controller the changes in soil acidity, infiltration rate, electrolyte conductivity levels and porosity levels through soil infiltration rates. Through simulations with the variable microbial population, it can be seen the level of EC and other parameters against the time of observation in real time. From the observations of graphs and EC standards, it can be seen that the ability of the soil to because until day 45 the soil fertility level has not reached = 1500 uS / cm with a microbial population = 103/ cfu. support the planting schedule both during the vegetative growth period and during the generative growth period, so that we will know when is the right time to do: soil recovery, initial planting and when the tubers / flowers / fruit begin to be conditioned. until cooked based on nutrient values observed through sensors that convert analog parameters by the micro controller into digital information transmitted by wifi in real time. The initial condition before simulating the soil fertility value with the Electrolyte Conductivity (EC) parameter is 744 uS / cm, the simulation results are: Simulation 1: nutrient content for generative growth was achieved on day 27 with fertility level = 1525 uS / cm with Microbial Population 10 ⁸/ cfu. Simulation 2: nutrient content for generative growth was achieved on day 42 at the fertility level = 1500 uS / cm with microbial population = 10 ⁵/ cfu. Simulation 3: nutrient content for generative growth cannot be observed

Keywords: biohole, microbial, alluvial, micro controler, soil acidity, infiltration, electrolyte conductivity, biosoildam

Introduction

The potential of alluvial land is very large for agricultural business, but the structure of this soil layer is also easily damaged if managed incorrectly. The ability of farmers also needs to be improved, especially in understanding the characteristics of this soil. So that with Biosoildam technology it will save fertilizer use and increase crop production while preserving natural resources through soil and water conservation.

The current decline in carrying land capacity continues to expand (environement degradation). One of the main contributing factors is the decrease in the soil fertility, health and absorption (infiltration rate), triggered by excessive use of inorganic fertilizers (pesticides) (Widiasmadi, 2019). To restore the land's capacity quickly and measurably and to restore soil productivity as well, infiltration is not enough. Biological agents (biofertilizer) are needed to support soil and water conservation. However, so far, there has not been any periodical and continuous/real-time measurement of the monitoring & assessment system of agricultural cultivation. Thus, accurate information on a soil parameter in achieving a harvest target is needed.

Infiltration is the process of water flowing into the soil which generally comes from rainfall, while the infiltration rate is the amount of water that enters the soil per unit time. This process is a very important part of the hydrological cycle which can affect the amount of water that is on the surface of the soil. Water on the surface soil will enter the soil and then flow into the river (Sunjoto, 2011). Not all surface water flows into the soil, but some portion of the water remains in topsoil to be further evaporated back into the atmosphere through the soil surface or soil evaporation (Suripin, 2013).

Infiltration capacity is the ability of the soil to absorb large amounts of water into the ground and influenced by the microorganism activities in the soil (Dr, 2020b). The large infiltration capacity can reduce surface runoff. The reduced soil pores, generally caused by soil compacting, can cause a decreased infiltration. This condition is also affected by the soil contamination (Dr, 2020a) due to excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides which hardens the soil as well.

Smart-Biosoildam is a Biodam technology development that involves microbial activity in increasing the measured and controlled inflation rate. Biological activities through the role of microbes as agents of biomass decomposition and soil conservation become important information for soil conservation efforts in supporting healthy food security (Dr, 2020a). Such development has used a microcontroller to effectively monitor the activities of the said agents through the electrolyte conductivity parameter as an analogue input of EC sensors embedded in the soil and further converted to digital information by the microcontroller (Dr, 2020a).

To control the activities of biological agents, other variables are needed, such as information on pH, humidity (M) and soil temperature (T) obtained from pH sensors, T sensors, M sensors. These sensors are connected to a microcontroller which can be accessed through a pin that functions as a GPIO (General Port Input Output) in the ESP8266 Module so as to provide the additional capability of a WIFI-enabled microcontroller to send all analogue responses to digital in real-time, every second, minute, hour, day and monthly. Furthermore, we can display this data in infographics and numeric tables to be stored and processed in the WEB (Wasisto, 2018).

Methodology

To maximize yields, optimal soil nutrient content is required ranging from vegetative growth to generative growth so as to save the use of organic fertilizers and other nutrients. This research is to observe the number of microbes that spread radially through the horizontal biohole as the center of microbial distribution which is observed in real time using soil parameter sensors. This research will show soil characteristics in its ability to increase natural fertility and the ability to nourish the soil from toxins that come from water and air pollution.

The study was conducted on alluvial land which for decades has been the source of livelihood for the community of Sriwulan Village Sayung District Demak Regency. Land management lacks soil and water conservation. People use chemical fertilizers & pesticides excessively which harden the soil texture, acidify the soil and decrease the yields. Hardened agricultural land also triggers floods, since the soil's ability to absorb decreases. This research that took place from Agustus ï¿½ November 2020, intends to restore the carrying capacity of the land.

Tools and materials used in research are: Mikrokontroler Arduino UNO,Wifi ESP8266, Soil parameter sensor : Temperature (T) DS18B20, humidity (M) V1.2, Electrolit Conductivity (EC) G14 PE, Acidity pH) Tipe SEN0161-V2 , LCD module HD44780 controller, Biohole as Injector fotr Biosoildam, Biofertilizer

Mikrobia Alfafaa MA-11, red union straw as microbia nest, Abney level, Double Ring Infiltrometer, Erlemeyer, penggaris, Stop watch, plastic bucket, tally sheet, measuremet glass, micro scale, hydrometer dan water (Douglas, 1988).

Determining plot and sensor points

To determine plots and sensors, this study uses purposive sampling at various distances: 1.5; 2; 3 metre from the center of Biohole with a diameter of 1 meter as the central radial distribution of the biological agent Microbe Alfaafa MA-11 through the water injection process. Infiltration rate and radial biological agent distribution can be controlled in real-time through measurement sensors with parameters: EC/salt ion (macronutrients), pH, humidity and soil temperature. And as a periodical control, the infiltration rate with a Double Ring Infiltrometer on the variable distance from the center of the Biohole are manually measured. Next, soil samples are also taken to analyze their characteristics, such as soil texture, organic material content and bulk density (Douglas, 1988).

Data Processing

Catalysis Discharge

Smartbiosoildam innovation uses runoff discharge as a media for biological agents distribution through the inlet/inflow (Biohole) as a centre for the microbial populations distribution with water. The runoff discharge calculation as a basis for the Inflow Biosoildam formula requires the following stages:

1. conducting a rainfall analysis,

2. calculating the catchment area, and

3. analyzing the soil/rock layers.

Biosoildam structure can be made with holes in the soil layer without or using water pipes/reinforced concrete pipes (RCP) with perforated layer that will let microbes to spread radially. We can calculate the discharge entering Biohole as a function of the catchment characteristic with a rational formula:

where C is the runoff coefficient value, I is the precipitation and A is the area (Sunjoto, 2011). Based on this formula, the Table presents the results of runoff discharge.

Infiltration

Infiltration is the process by which water on the ground surface enters the soil. It is commonly used in both hydrology and soil sciences. The infiltration capacity is defined as the maximum rate of infiltration. It is most often measured in meters per day but can also be measured in other units of distance over time if necessary. The infiltration capacity decreases as the soil moisture content of soils surface layers increases. If the precipitation rate exceeds the infiltration rate, runoff will usually occur unless there is some physical barrier.Infiltrometers, permeameters and rainfall simulators are all devices that can be used to measure infiltration rates. Infiltration is caused by multiple factors including; gravity, capillary forces, adsorption and osmosis. Many soil characteristics can also play a role in determining the rate at which infiltration occurs.

The spread of microbes as a biomass decomposting agent can be controlled through the calculation of the infiltration rate at point radius from Biohole as the centre of the spread of microbes. by using the Horton method. Horton observed that infiltration starts from a standard value fo and exponentially decreases to a constant condition fc. One of the earliest infiltration equations developed by Horton is:

k is a constant reduction to the dimension [T -1] or a constant decreasing infiltration rate.

fo is an infiltration rate capacity at the beginning of the measurement. fc is a constant infiltration capacity that depends on the soil type.

The fo and fc parameters are obtained from the field measurement using a double-ring infiltrometer. The fo and fc parameters are the functions of soil type and cover. Sandy or gravel soils have high values, while bare clay soils have little value, and for grassy land surfaces, the value increases (Widiasmadi, 2019).

The infiltration calculation data from the measurement results in the first 15 minutes, the second 15 minutes, the third 15 minutes and the fourth 15 minutes at each distance from the centre of Biohole are converted in units of cm/hour with the following formula:

where: ΔH = height decrease (cm) within a certain time interval, T = the time interval required by water in ΔH to enter the ground (minutes) (Huang & Shan, 1997). This observation takes place every 3 days for one month.

Soil Characteristics

The porosity of soils is critical in determine the infiltration capacity. Soils that have smaller pore sizes, such as clay, have lower infiltration capacity and slower infiltration rates than soils that have large pore size, such as sands. One exception to this rule is when clay is present in dry conditions. In this case, the soil can develop large cracks which leads to higher infiltration capacity.

Soil compaction is also impacts infiltration capacity. Compaction of soils results in decreased porosity within the soils, which decreases infiltration capacity.

Hydrophobic soils can develop after wildfires have happened, which can greatly diminish or completely prevent infiltration from occurring.

Soil moisture content:

Soil that is already saturated has no more capacity to hold more water, therefore infiltration capacity has been reached and the rate cannot increase past this point. This leads to much more surface runoff. When soil is partially saturated then infiltration can occur at a moderate rate and fully unsaturated soils have the highest infiltration capacity.

Organic materials in soils

Organic materials in the soil (including plants and animals) all increase the infiltration capacity. Vegetation contains roots that extent into the soil which create cracks and fissures in the soil, allowing for more rapid infiltration and increased capacity. Vegetation can also reduce surface compaction of the soil which again allows for increased infiltration. When no vegetation is present infiltration rates can be very low, which can lead to excessive runoff and increased erosion levels. Similarly to vegetation, animals that burrow in the soil also create cracks in the soil structure.

Microbial Population

This analysis uses MA-11 biological agents that have been tested by the Microbiology Laboratorium of Gadjah Mada University based on Ministerial Regulation standards: No 70/Permentan/SR.140/10 2011, includes:

Table 1

Microbes Analysis

No	Population Analysis	Result	No	Population Analysis	Result
1	Total of Micobes	18,48 x 10⁸cfu	8	Ure-Amonium-Nitrat Decomposer	Positive
2	Selulotik Micobes	1,39 x 10⁸cfu	9	Patogenityï¿½ for plants	Negative
3	Proteolitik Micobes	1,32 x 10⁸cfu	10	Contaminant E-Coly & Salmonella	Negative
4	Amilolitik Micobes	7,72 x 10⁸cfu	11	Hg	2,71 ppb
5	N Fixtation Micobes	2,2 x 10⁸cfu	12	Cd	<0,01 mg/l
6	Phosfat Micobes	1,44 x 10⁸cfu	13	Pb	<0,01 mg/l
7	Acidity	3,89	14	As	<0,01 ppm

(Nugroho Widiasmadi, 2019)

This application in Biosoildam is concentrating the microbes into "population media", as a source of soil conditioner for increasing infiltration rates and restoring natural fertility.

Microcontroller against Nutrient Content, Acidity, Temperature & Soil Moisture

Indications of microbial activity on fertility can be controlled through acidity. The number of nutrients contained in the soil is an indicator of the level of soil fertility due to the activity of biological agents in decomposing biomass. Important factors that influence the absorption of nutrients (EC) by plant roots are the degrees of soil acidity (soil pH), temperature (T) and humidity (M). Soil Acidity level (pH) greatly influences the plantï¿½s growth rate and development (Boardman & Skrove, 1966).

Microbial activity as a contributor to soil nutrition from the biomass decomposition results can be controlled through the salinity level of the nutrient solution expressed through conductivity as well as other parameters as analogue inputs. Conductivity can be measured using EC, Electroconductivity or Electrical (or Electro) Conductivity (EC) is the nutrients density in solution. The more concentrated the solution is, the greater the delivery of electric current from the cation (+) and anion (-) to the anode and cathode of the EC meter. Thus, it results in the higher EC. The measurement unit of EC is mS/cm (millisiemens) (John M Lafle, PhD, Junilang Tian, Professor ChiHua Huang, PhD, 2011).

This study uses an Arduino Uno microcontroller which has 14 digital pins, of which there are 6 pins used as Pulse Width Modulation or PWM outputs, namely the pins D.3, D.5, D.6, D.9, D.10, D.11, and 6 analogue input pins for these soil parameter elements, namely EC, T, pH, M. Analog input on Arduino Uno uses C language and for programming uses a compatible software for all types of Arduino (Greengard, 2017). Arduino Uno microcontroller can facilitate communication between Arduino Uno with computers including smartphones. This microcontroller provides USART (Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous Serial Receiver and Transmitter) facilities located at the D.0 (Rx) pin and the D.1 (Tx) pin.

This research uses the ESP8266 data transmission system with the firmware and the AT Command set that can be programmed with Arduino. The ESP8266 module is an on-chip system that can be connected to a WIFI network. Besides, several pins function as GPIO (General Port Input Output) to access these ground parameter sensors that are connected to Arduino, so that the system can connect to Wifi (Schwab, 2017). Thus, we can process analogue inputs of various soil parameters into digital information and process them via the web.

Results And Discussion

Rainfall Design and Frequency Duration Intensity (FDI)

The rainfall design intensity was determined using rainfall data from Semarang Station in 2005-2017 Statistical analysis was performed to determine the distribution type used, which in this study was the Log Person IIIï¿½s. Distribution checking on whether rain opportunities can be accepted or not is calculated using the Chi Square test and the Kolmogorov Smirnov test. Next, the design rainfall intensity is calculated using the mononobe formula.

Discharge Plan

The discharge plan as a MA-11 microbial catalyst uses the rainfall intensity for 1 hour since it is estimated that the most predominant rainfall duration in the area studied is 1 hour. The runoff coefficient for various surface flow coefficients is 0.70 - 0.95 (Suripin, 2013), while in this study we use the smallest flow coefficient value, which is 0.70.

The discharge plan has various catchment areas, between 9 m²to 110 m²with a proportional relationship. The larger the plot, the greater the plan discharge generated as a biohole inflow.

The depth of Biohole in the study area in the 25-year return period ranges from 0.80 m to 1.50 m. The absorption volume will determine the maximum capacity of water contained in Biohole. The greater the volume of Biohole is, the greater the water container is.

Horizontal Biohole Design

Biohole walls use natural walls with a 0,25 m diameter and a 0.4 m depth or the storage area of 36 m2. Organic material (solid pressed padi straw waste) is used as a place for microbial populations/microbial sources. The top is coated with a 5 cm thick rock which acts as an energy-breaking medium. Thus, when filled with organic material water, it remains stable to maintain the radial spread of microbes (Widiasmadi, 2019).

The Biohole volume capacity for that dimension is 0.125 m3, with a catchment of 36 m2 and the 25 year-discharge = 0.0000841 m3/sec and will be fully filled in about 15 to 20 minutes. This figure considers natural resources in the form of rainfall intensity of the study area which adjusted to the spread of microbes. Therefore, the water-emptying phase and the microbial population formulation phase can take place optimally.

Soil Coating Effect on Biohole

If land is covered by impermeable surfaces, such as pavement, infiltration cannot occur as the water cannot infiltrate through an impermeable surface This relationship also leads to increased runoff. Areas that are impermeable often have storm drains which drain directly into water bodies, which means no infiltration occurs.

Vegetative cover of the land also impacts the infiltration capacity. Vegetative cover can lead to more interception of precipitation, which can decrease intensity leading to less runoff, and more interception. Increased abundance of vegetation also leads to higher levels of evapotranspiration which can decrease the amount of infiltration rate. Debris from vegetation such as leaf cover can also increase infiltration rate by protecting the soils from intense precipitation events.

Figure 3

Clay Soil Layers

Clay or loam is a silicate sub-skeletal mineral particle less than 4 micrometers in diameter. Clays contain fine fused silica and / or aluminum. Of these elements, silicon, oxygen, and aluminum are the most abundant elements that make up the earth's crust. Clay is formed from the weathering of silica rocks by carbonic acid and partly generated from geothermal activity. The clay forms a hard lump when dry and sticky when it gets wet. This property is determined by the type of clay minerals that dominate it. Clay minerals are classified based on the arrangement of layers of silicon oxide and aluminum oxide which form their crystals. Group 1: 1 has a layer of one silicon oxide and one aluminum oxide, while group 2: 1 has two layers of the silicon oxide group sandwiching one layer of aluminum oxide. Class 2: 1 clay minerals have strong elastic properties, shrinking when dry and expanding when wet. It is because of this behavior that some types of soil can form wrinkles or "cracks" when dry.

Clay minerals consist mainly of aluminum or iron silicates and magnesium. Some of them also contain alkaline or alkaline earth as a basic component. These minerals consist mainly of crystals in which the atoms which compose them are arranged in a particular geometric pattern. Most clay minerals have a layered structure. Some of them have an elongated cylindrical or fibrous structure.

A cluster is a thinly layered pile of units or a collection of cylindrical or fiber units. The soil mass usually contains a mixture of several clay minerals which are named according to the largest clay minerals with varying amounts of other non-clay minerals. Clay minerals are very small (less than 2μm) and are electrochemically active particles that can only be seen with an electron microscope.

Characteristics of Soft Clay Soil

Soft clay soil is a cohesive soil consisting of soil mostly consisting of very small grains such as clay or silt. The nature of soft clay soil layers is its small shear force, large compression, small permeability coefficient and low bearing capacity compared to other clay soils. In general, soft clay soils have the following characteristics:

a. Low soil shear strength.

b. Shear strength decreases when the water content increases.

c. Reduced shear strength if the soil structure is disturbed.

d. When wet, it is plastic and easily compresses.

e. Shrinks when dry and expands when wet

f. The compatibility is great.

g. Changes in volume with increasing time due to crawling under constant load.

h. Is a waterproof material

Soil Physic-Chemical Mechanism

Water entering between soil particles, for example Montmorillonite, will cause the distance between the base units to increase so that this causes an increase in soil volume. Water is attracted to the surrounding particles which causes a reduction in the effective stress of the soil and reduces the binding stress between the particle units.

Swelling is caused by minerals in the clay. Clays that contain lots of Montmorillonite will have a greater swelling rate than soils that contain Kaolinite. The amount of swelling is determined by soil chemistry or the number of cations in the soil, especially with higher valences height which functions as a binder between clay particles and reduces the enlargement of the distance between the particles. So, soil shrinkage can be reduced by adding cations to the soil. These cations are positive ions K +, Ca ++, Mg ++ which are obtained from carbonate compounds. This soil type is widely distributed in the Demak plains area.

Figure 4

EC Standard Graph

Table 2

Increase in EC per microbial population

EC (uS/cm)

TIME

EC (uS/cm)

POPULATION

(DAY)

10⁸/cfu

10⁵/cfu

10³/cfu

10⁸/cfu

10⁵/cfu

10³/cfu

373,0

373,8

510,0

431,6

377,2

379,0

377,0

373,8

510,0

431,6

377,2

386,0

379,0

373,8

510,0

431,6

379,5

390,0

385,0

373,8

510,0

431,6

379,5

400,0

389,0

373,8

510,0

431,6

379,5

410,0

390,0

373,8

510,0

431,6

380,0

415,0

395,0

373,8

510,0

431,6

385,0

430,0

397,0

373,8

510,0

431,6

390,0

435,0

400,0

373,8

510,0

435,5

390,0

440,0

410,0

373,8

510,0

435,5

390,0

450,0

415,0

373,8

513,0

435,5

390,0

470,0

420,0

373,8

513,0

435,5

395,0

478,0

425,0

373,8

513,0

435,5

395,0

485,0

427,0

376,1

513,0

435,5

395,0

490,0

429,0

376,1

513,0

435,5

395,0

496,0

429,0

376,1

513,0

435,5

396,0

502,5

429,0

376,1

513,0

438,1

400,0

502,5

429,0

376,1

513,0

438,1

401,0

502,5

429,0

376,1

517,5

438,1

402,0

502,5

429,0

377,2

517,5

438,1

405,0

21	502,5	431,6	377,2
22	502,5	431,6	377,2
23	502,5	431,6	377,2
24	502,5	431,6	377,2

Figure 5

Graph of EC Vs Time

Figure 6

Graph of Infilration Rate Clay soil fertility simulation based on the number of microbial populations with

ï¿½ Varibale 1 = Microbial Population 10 ⁸/ cfu.

ï¿½ Varibale 2 = Microbial Population 10 ⁵/ cfu.

ï¿½ Varibale 3 = Microbial Population 10 ³/ cfu.

The initial nutrient content prior to the simulation using the Electrolyte Conductivity (EC) parameter is 744 uS / cm. Soil nutrient conditions will be improved based on total organic farming standards, namely plant growth (vegetative period) which requires soil nutrients at least 1000 uS / cm and fertilization period (generative period) which requires soil nutrients at least 1500 uS / cm.

Simulation results based on the variable number of microbial populations are produced:

1. Simulation A: To start the growth period (vegetative) is achieved on the 18^thday with a fertility rate (Electrolyte Conductivity) = 1050 uS / cm and in the generative period it is reached on the 27^thday with a fertility level (Electrolyte Conductivity) = 1525 uS / cm. This activity is stimulated by microbes with a population = 10 ⁸/ cfu. So that the time needed to reach optimal nutrient levels is 9 days.

2. Simulation B: To start the growth period (vegetative) is achieved on the 27^thday with a fertility rate (Electrolyte Conductivity) = 1020 uS / cm and at the generative period it is reached on the 42^ndday with a fertility rate (Electrolyte Conductivity) = 1500 uS / cm. This activity is stimulated by microbes with a population = 10 ⁵/ cfu. So the time needed to reach optimal nutrient levels is 15 days

3. Simulation C: to start the growth period (vegetative) is achieved on day 34 with a fertility rate (Electrolyte Conductivity) = 1015 uS / cm and during the generative period it cannot be observed because on observation until day 45 the electrolyte conductivity has not reach = 1500 uS / cm. This activity is stimulated by microbes with a population = 10 ³/ cfu.

4. The soil parameters mentioned above can be controlled against the level of the infiltration rate, where the infiltration rate graph shows a constant value at a level of 4 to 10 cm / hour which is reached after the 30th day. While the EC value in stable conditions is achieved on day 30 with a value between 325 - 345 uS / cm. So that the activity of biological agents on Andosol soil with the infiltration level will be optimal on day 40.

Conclusion

In clay soils, the time for the initial nutrient increase to reach the EC standard for vegetative growth is longer than the time to reach the generative period. Technically, clay soil has a fairly good bearing capacity as agricultural land for all commodities because it is able to reach nutrient levels for the generative period quite quickly, which is only 15 days. The carrying capacity as good agricultural land is because it is supported by a sufficient microbial population, or vice versa, the carrying capacity of the land will decrease with a decrease in the number of microbial populations due to the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Excessive use of inorganic / chemical fertilizers and pesticides will increase soil acidity and kill soil microbes so that it will reduce the alluvial soil bearing capacity both in the short and long term.

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