Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN:
2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol. 7, No. 8, Agustus 2022
ASPECT SHAPER FACADE VISUAL QUALITY BUILDING
ON JALAN PASAR BESAR MALANG
Eni
Zuliana1, Jenny Ernawati2, Herry
Santosa3
1Magister of Architecture, University
of Brawijaya , Malang, Indonesia
2,3Department, of Architecture,
University of Brawijaya , Malang, Indonesia
Email: [email protected] ,
[email protected] , [email protected]
Abstract
Malang City is a a
city designed by the Dutch Colonial nice and structured based on rule
aesthetics caring environment facade visual quality building
. Jalan Pasar Besar Malang is one of the the path that has score history and role important to
development physical city of Malang. Research objectives this is for identify
as well as describe aspect Influential visual quality significant to facade
visual quality building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang.
Method used is quantitative with analysis linear regression. Based on analysis
that has been conducted declared that aspect facade visual quality influential
building significant to facade visual quality The building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang is rhythm, coherence, scale, homogeneity,
proportion and balance.
Keywords:
aspect visual quality, facade building, Jalan Pasar Besar
Malang
Introduction
Malang
City is a city designed by Kansten with draft
comfortable and beautiful city. There is many room
open green, in the form of gardens the city that became one factor indication
existence comfort and beauty created in the city of Malang. In addition to the
comfort and beauty of Malang City, there are many relic
building historic typical inheritance permanent colonial preserved by the
Malang City Government is also one of the power drag Malang City. one area that
has score historical is Malang Big Market. Malang City Big Market already there
is since the colonial era , in that era the Big Market was called Chineeschestraat , which is a Dutch language
which means a street inhabited by Ethnics Chinese (Setiamurdi
and Santosa, 2017) . In that era there is a the rule named Wijkenstelsel
which is the rule the require ethnicity Chinese inhabit Big Market area.
majority activity from Public chinese the is trade,
then no amazed area the known with area Chinatown.
Facade
visual quality building need to be protected and preserved because Becomes
characteristics a face city. Preservation conducted with notice aspect shaper
facade visual quality building namely, cohesiveness, proportion, scale, rhythm,
balance, homogeneity and simplicity. Facade visual quality buildings on Jalan
Pasar Besar Malang can be always create environmental visual quality area
historic as well as could give visual comfort for whole society. Visual
perception of Public is one� factor
strong shaper and will� determine
characteristics a city. Then from that, research this conducted for knowing
facade visual quality building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang based on perception
community and know aspect shaper Influential visual quality significant to
facade visual quality building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang.
Research
Method
Evaluation of the Visual Quality of
Historic Facade Buildings on Jalan Pasar Besar
Malang, Indonesia Scientific Research: Visual quality of building facades Research Methods: Quantitative Sumber Data: Questionnaire Research Variable: Unity, proportion, scale, rhythm, balance, homogeneity,
simplicity Research Respondents: Convenience sampling dan
purposive judgment sampling Data Analysis: Questionnaire data was
processed using SPSS software with linear regression analysis Knowing and evaluating the
aspects of the visual quality of building facades On Jalan Pasar Besar Malang based on public perception Selection method respondents and building
samples Research Sample: Selection based on
identification that has been done Approach: Public
perception measured using a semantic differential scale Data Analysis Result Research Methods:
Figure 1
Method
diagram study
Study
this use variable visual aesthetics with destination for knowing perception
respondent to visual quality of building facades on Jalan Pasar Besar
Malang. The variables in this study were obtained from the results of a
literature review that came from theories as well as from previous studies
related to the research focus and have been adapted to the existing state of
the research location. A number of theory put forward by (Moughtin ,
1999), (Moughtin , 1992) and (Moughtin
, 1995) in journal study (Saputra,
2016) , (Santosa,
Martiningrum, Giriwati, & Astrini, 2016)and the journal study (Mandaka
& Pandanaran, 2015).
Table 1
Variables And Semantic Scale Used In This Study.
|
Variable |
Semantic Scale |
Citation |
|
|
1 |
unity |
chaotic-orderly |
(Ernawati & Moore, 2014) (Santosa et al., 2016) |
|
2 |
proportion |
disproportionate-proportional |
(Santosa et al., 2016) (Santosa, Suryasari, et al., 2015) (Santosa & Fauziah, 2017) |
|
3 |
scale |
�unscalatic-scalatic |
(Nurgandarum and Anjani, 2020) (Saputra, 2016) (Uzunoglu, 2012) (Wijaya et al., 2019) |
|
4 |
rhythm |
�monotone-dynamic |
(Santosa et al., 2016) (Santosa et al., 2015) (Perovic and Folic, 2012) (Hogg, 1969) (Ural and Yilmazer, 2010) (Santosa and Fauziah, 2017) |
|
5 |
balance |
�unbalanced-balance |
(Santosa et al., 2016) (Santosa et al., 2015) (Santosa and Fauziah, 2017) |
|
6 |
homogeneity |
�homogeneous-heterogeneous |
( Fang et al., 2015) |
|
7 |
simplicity |
�complicated-simple |
(Fang et al., 2015) (Santosa et al., 2015) (Santosa et al., 2016) (Azis et al., 2019a) |
Draft
measurement facade visual quality building on Jalan Pasar Besar
Malang using method measurement semantic differential scale that uses 7
categories appraisal , as example application variable cohesiveness that uses
scale semantics " no " balanced " has " the value of 1 and
its inverse � balanced � has value 7 and value 4 set as point neutral (Ernawati
and Moore 2014) .
In architectural theory based on empirical studies, it is
stated that people usually like an organized area and don't like a chaotic and
messy area (Rapoport, 1993). An area with an organized state or not will
increase people's preferences (Nasar, 1998). The community may not be disturbed
by the chaos that exists in the appearance of the facade or the area as a whole
in an area that has historical value, because people's perceptions differ
according to their respective community backgrounds (Hershberger, 1972). Based
on several quotes from previous research, it is explained that a semantic scale
that has a value of 1-3 on the continuum table does not mean it has a negative
indicator, as well as a semantic scale that has a value of 5-7 on the continuum
table does not mean it has a positive indicator.
The sample of respondents was selected in two ways,
namely by convenience sampling and purposive judgment sampling.
Research Respondents: Convenience sampling: General
public 100 people -
Productive age, 17-65
years old -
Physically and mentally
healthy Selection method sample
respondent Research Respondents: Purposive judgment sampling: Professional society 100 people -
40
lecturers of architecture -
Architectural
practitioners 3 people -
30
architecture students
Figure 2
�Selection Method Sample Respondents
Architectural style of
buildings on Jalan Pasar Besar based on previous
research 1, Colonial 18th century years 1850-1900 2. Colonial 19th century years 1900-1915 3. Nieuw Bouwen 20th century 1916-1940 4. Chinatown Shop 5. Modern Architecture (Setiamurdi
and Santosa, 2017) 1. Indische Empire Style 18-19 century 2. Nieuw Bouwen 20th century (Riztyawan et al., 2014) Selection of Architectural
Style Based on Previous Research 1.
Indische
Empire Style 2.
Nieuw
Bouwen 3.
Modern
Architecture
Identification of Building
Sample Selection Based on Previous Research 1.
No
signage or decorative additions to block the fa�ade 2.
The
building is still original, unchanged from the original architectural
style 3.
The
building is still actively functioning Indische Empire Style Monumental, thick walls,
high ceilings, marble floors, high pillars in Greek style, front and back
verandas connected without walls (Tarore, 2016)
symmetrical (Handinoto, 1994) Nieuw Bouwen
Flat roof, gevel horizontal, cube, white, gray, crea, (Riztyawan, 2014)
simple impression, clean without ornaments, prioritize the function of
space (Mulyadi, 2008) Modern Architecture Symmetrical, cube, simple
without ornaments, more neutral or striking colors, modern materials ex:
glass, acp (Brunner, 2013) (Setiamurdi,
2017) Ika Shop Building Alimar Hotel Building Sari Makmur Shop Building Sumber Jaya Shop Building Sakinah Shop Building
Figure 3
Selection Method Sample Building
Population
building identified in accordance with needs research, namely no no signage or addition decorative blocking facade, building
still original no changed from style architecture the original and the last
building still working active. From result identification concluded that sample
building from study this are Ika Shops, Alimar Hotels, Sari Makmur Shops, Sumber
Jaya Shops and Sakinah Shops.
Toko Sakinah Toko Sumber Jaya Hotel Alimar Toko Ika Toko Sari Makmur
Figure
4
Building
samples study
Result and
Discussion
Based
on method that has been explained in the discussion before ,
then conducted analysis linear regression for evaluate facade visual quality
building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang.
|
Table 2 Model Summary |
|||||
|
Model |
R |
R Square |
Adjusted R Square |
Std. The error of the Estimate |
Durbin-Watson |
|
1 |
.824 a |
.679 |
.651 |
.7555 |
2.171 |
|
a. Predictors: (Constant), Unity Ika Shop
Building, Rhythm Ika Shop Building, Scale Ika Shop Building, Balance Ika
Shop Building, Unity Ika Shop Building, Homogeneity
Ika Shop Building, Proportion Ika
Shop Building |
|||||
|
b. Dependent Variable: Visual
Quality of Faade Ika Shop
Building |
|||||
The
model summary table explains big score correlation or relationship (R) that is
of 0.824 and explained big percentage influence variable free (predictors) of
variable dependent variable called coefficient determination (R2) of 0.679,
which explains that variable free (predictors) of variable dependent variable
is by 67.9%, while the rest influenced by variable another .
|
Table 3 ANOVA a |
||||||
|
Model |
Sum of Squares |
df |
Mean Square |
F |
Sig. |
|
|
1 |
Regression |
94,331 |
7 |
13,476 |
23,611 |
.000 b |
|
Residual |
44,518 |
78 |
.571 |
|
|
|
|
Total |
138,849 |
85 |
|
|
|
|
|
a. Dependent Variable: Visual Quality of Faade
Ika Shop Building |
||||||
|
b. Predictors: (Constant), Unity Ika Shop
Building, Rhythm Ika Shop Building, Scale Ika Shop Building, Balance Ika
Shop Building, Unity Ika Shop Building, Homogeneity
Ika Shop Building, Proportion Ika
Shop Building |
||||||
ANOVA
table is used for determine level significance or linearity from analysis regression . Criteria could determined based on F test or value test significance
(Sig). If the value of sig <0.05 then the regression model is linear and
vice versa . In exposure table on sig value is 0.00
which means have value <0.05, then analysis The regression carried out on
Building 1 Ika Shop meets criteria linearity.
|
Table 4 Coefficients a |
||||||||
|
Model |
Unstandardized Coefficients |
Standardized Coefficients |
t |
Sig. |
Collinearity Statistics |
|||
|
B |
Std. Error |
Beta |
Tolerance |
VIF |
||||
|
1 |
(Constant) |
-.180 |
.465 |
|
-.388 |
.699 |
|
|
|
Unity Ika
Shop Building, |
.213 |
.087 |
.211 |
2,440 |
.017 |
.550 |
1.818 |
|
|
Proportion Ika
Shop Building |
.283 |
.082 |
.307 |
3.459 |
.001 |
.522 |
1,916 |
|
|
Scale Ika
Shop Building |
.260 |
.092 |
.242 |
2.825 |
.006 |
.560 |
1,785 |
|
|
Rhythm Ika Shop
Building, |
.192 |
.068 |
.230 |
2.836 |
.006 |
.626 |
1,597 |
|
|
Balance Ika
Shop Building |
.095 |
.076 |
.103 |
1.251 |
.215 |
.610 |
1,638 |
|
|
Homogeneity Ika
Shop Building |
.098 |
.089 |
.096 |
1.107 |
.272 |
.546 |
1,833 |
|
|
Simplicity Ika
Shop Building |
-.095 |
.070 |
-.110 |
-1,348 |
.182 |
.612 |
1,634 |
|
|
a. Dependent Variable: Visual Quality
of Faade Ika Shop
Building |
||||||||
In
the Coefficients table, column B is named coefficient B which means is change
in the mean variable Y (predictors) for every change variable X (variable bound)
of one unit. Change this is increase when B is marked positive and decreasing
when B is marked negative. After knowing table coefficient, necessary conducted
there is a normality test with destination for test in analysis regression
carried out, variable bully or residuals have normal distribution. For test
normality used Normal PP Plot chart.
=
residual
normality test using Normal graph P=P Plot obtained plot points coincide with a
diagonal line so that the residual follows normal distribution and assumptions
normality fulfilled.
Next
test necessary conducted is a heteroscedasticity test that aims to test
analysis regression occur variance inequality of the residual one observation
to another observation. For test assumption heteroscedasticity used scatterplot
graph between regression standardized predicted value (ZPRED) with regression
studentized residual (SRESID) and the glejser test.
Heteroscedasticity
test results use ZPRED and SRESID scatter plot graphs are known scatter plot
points by random above and below Y axis and not shape pattern certain so that
assumption heteroscedasticity fulfilled.
Heteroscedasticity
test results use ZPRED and SRESID scatter plot graphs are known scatter plot
points by random above and below Y axis and not shape pattern certain so that
assumption heteroscedasticity fulfilled.
Figure 5
Heteroscedasticity test using scatter plot
graph ZPRED and SRESID linear regression analysis of Ika
Shop Building
Heteroscedasticity
test results use ZPRED and SRESID scatter plot graphs are known scatter plot
points by random above and below Y axis and not shape pattern certain so that
assumption heteroscedasticity fulfilled .
Result
of analysis regression on Toko Ika
summarized in table below _ this :
|
Table 5 The results of the regression analysis on Ika Shop Building |
|||||
|
No |
Predictors (Constant) |
Coefficient |
t-hit |
Sig. t |
Note. |
|
1 |
constant |
-0.180 |
-0.388 |
0.699 |
Note |
|
2 |
Unity |
0.213 |
2,440 |
0.017 |
Significant |
|
3 |
Proportion |
0.283 |
3.459 |
0.001 |
Significant |
|
4 |
Scale |
0.260 |
2.825 |
0.006 |
Significant |
|
5 |
Rhythm |
0.192 |
2.836 |
0.006 |
Significant |
|
6 |
Balance |
0.095 |
1.251 |
0.215 |
Note |
|
7 |
Homogeneity |
0.098 |
1.107 |
0.272 |
Note |
|
8 |
Simplicity |
-0.095 |
-1,348 |
0.182 |
Note |
|
F |
23,611 |
||||
|
Sig. F |
0.000 |
||||
|
R-Square |
0.679 |
||||
|
|
Adjusted R-Square |
0.651 |
|
|
|
Test
influence Partial variable the visual quality of the faade
comprising from unity, proportion, scale, rhythm,
balance, homogeneity, simplicity facade visual quality whole obtained
existence influence positive significant with score significance (sig-t) less
from 0.05 (sig-t < 0.05) that is integration (unity), proportion
(proportion), scale (scale), rhythm (rhythm)
. These results indicate that
unity, proportion , scale , rhythm will have a significant
effect on the better the visual quality of the facade . whole Building 1 Ika
Shop. Test influence simultaneous obtained score significance of 0.000 (sig-F
< 0.05) which indicates that there is influence significant by simultaneous
Among unity , proportion
, scale , rhythm ,
balance , homogeneity, simplicity facade visual quality whole .
Coefficient value determination (R 2 ) of
0.679 indicates that facade visual quality whole could explained by 67.9
percent by unity, proportion, scale, rhythm,
balance, homogeneity, simplicity and the rest of the
effects are explained by other factors.
Series
stages analysis regression consisting of from model summary, ANOVA, coefficients,
normality test and the last one The heteroscedasticity
test was also carried out on the samples of Alimar
Hotels, Sari Makmur Shops, Sumber Jaya Shops, Sakinah
Shops.
Result
of analysis regression on Hotel Alimar summarized in
table below this :
|
Table 6 The results of the
regression analysis on Hotel Alimar |
|||||
|
No |
Predictors (Constant) |
Coefficient |
t-hit |
Sig. t |
Note. |
|
1 |
constant |
-0.180 |
-0.388 |
0.699 |
Note |
|
2 |
Unity |
0.213 |
2,440 |
0.017 |
Significant |
|
3 |
Proportion |
0.283 |
3.459 |
0.001 |
Significant |
|
4 |
Scale |
0.260 |
2.825 |
0.006 |
Significant |
|
5 |
Rhythm |
0.192 |
2.836 |
0.006 |
Significant |
|
6 |
balance |
0.095 |
1.251 |
0.215 |
Note |
|
7 |
Homogeneity |
0.098 |
1.107 |
0.272 |
Note |
|
8 |
Simplicity |
-0.095 |
-1,348 |
0.182 |
Note |
|
F |
23,611 |
||||
|
Sig. F |
0.000 |
||||
|
R-Square |
0.679 |
||||
|
|
Adjusted R-Square |
0.651 |
|
|
|
Result of analysis the
regression on Toko Sari Makmur is summarized in table
below this :
|
Table 7 The Results Of The Regression Analysis On Sari Makmur Shop Building |
|||||
|
No |
Variable free |
Coefficient |
t-hit |
Sig. t |
Note. |
|
1 |
constant |
0.133 |
0.204 |
0.839 |
Note |
|
2 |
Unity |
0.213 |
1,897 |
0.062 |
Note |
|
3 |
Proportion |
0.032 |
0.249 |
0.804 |
Note |
|
4 |
Scale |
0.071 |
0.553 |
0.582 |
Note |
|
5 |
Rhythm |
0.367 |
5.171 |
0.000 |
Significant |
|
6 |
balance |
0.208 |
1,674 |
0.098 |
Note |
|
7 |
Homogeneity |
0.086 |
0.664 |
0.509 |
Note |
|
8 |
Simplicity |
-0.014 |
-0.152 |
0.880 |
Note |
|
F |
14,291 |
||||
|
Sig. F |
0.000 |
||||
|
R-Square |
0.562 |
||||
|
|
Adjusted R-Square |
0.523 |
|
|
|
Result of analysis
regression on Sumber Jaya Store summarized in table
below this :
|
Table 8 The Results Of The Regression Analysis On Sumber
Jaya Shop Building |
|||||
|
No |
Variable free |
Coefficient |
t-hit |
Sig. t |
Note. |
|
1 |
constant |
0.461 |
0.807 |
0.422 |
Note |
|
2 |
Unity |
0.270 |
2,065 |
0.042 |
Significant |
|
3 |
Proportion |
0.075 |
0.634 |
0.528 |
Note |
|
4 |
Scale |
0.057 |
0.462 |
0.645 |
Note |
|
5 |
Rhythm |
0.193 |
2,339 |
0.022 |
Significant |
|
6 |
balance |
0.051 |
0.578 |
0.565 |
Note |
|
7 |
Homogeneity |
0.313 |
3.618 |
0.001 |
Significant |
|
8 |
Simplicity |
-0.048 |
-0.468 |
0.641 |
Note |
|
F |
15,140 |
||||
|
Sig. F |
0.000 |
||||
|
R-Square |
0.580 |
||||
|
|
Adjusted R-Square |
0.543 |
|
|
|
Result of analysis
regression on Toko Sakinah summarized in table below this :
|
Table 9 The results of the
regression analysis on Sumber Jaya Shop Building |
|||||
|
No |
Variable free |
Coefficient |
t-hit |
Sig. t |
Note. |
|
1 |
constant |
-0.236 |
-0.424 |
0.673 |
Note |
|
2 |
Unity |
0.444 |
4047 |
0.000 |
Significant |
|
3 |
Proportion |
0.051 |
0.442 |
0.660 |
Note |
|
4 |
Scale |
0.208 |
2.033 |
0.045 |
Significant |
|
5 |
Rhythm |
0.227 |
2,742 |
0.008 |
Significant |
|
6 |
balance |
0.199 |
2.206 |
0.030 |
Significant |
|
7 |
Homogeneity |
-0.109 |
-1.104 |
0.273 |
Note |
|
8 |
Simplicity |
0.015 |
0.171 |
0.865 |
Note |
|
F |
19,748 |
||||
|
Sig. F |
0.000 |
||||
|
R-Square |
0.639 |
||||
|
|
Adjusted R-Square |
0.607 |
|
|
|
Influential
Variables significant to facade visual quality the building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang at Toko Ika is coherence, proportion, scale, rhythm, Hotel Alimar is rhythm and homogeneity, Toko
Sari Makmur is rhythm, Sumber Jaya Store is
cohesiveness, rhythm and homogeneity, Toko Sakinah is
coherence, scale, rhythm and balance.
Discussion
Analysis result linear regression every sample building conducted
tabulated and stated that influential variable significant to facade visual
quality The building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang is
rhythm, coherence, scale, homogeneity, proportion and balance.
Rhythm on the
facade building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang is
obtained from existence loop form from aperture door nor window. Majority
aperture door nor window tend shaped vertical. The integration
that is formed by continuity, similarity and repetition is interpreted by the
facade of the building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang with the formation of door
and window openings. Door openings tend to be rectangular in shape like the
door in general, besides that there is a harmonica door which also has a
vertical line motif. Integration from the point of view of facade color, namely
the color contrast that occurs on the facade of Building 5 Toko Sakinah . The scale is tool measure
that compares size between element facade building to size man (Nurgandarum
and Anjani, 2020) (Saputra,
2016) (Uzunoglu,
2012) (Wijaya
et al., 2019) . The scale that
has a significant effect on the building facade on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang is
the scale of the monumental building. The building in this study that
interprets the scale variable is a building that has 3 floors with a fairly
wide building width, so that the building seems monumental, the buildings are Building
1 Ika Shop and Building 5 Sakinah Store. Homogeneity is the
uniformity created by the existence element facade buildings in one area
of the building's facade as a whole (Perovic
and Folic, 2012) (Santosa
et al., 2015) (Santosa
et al., 2016) , The uniformity of
the shape of the window door opening gives the impression of homogeneity. In
Building 2 Hotel Alimar the door and window openings are rectangular and above
the openings there are curved vents. Homogeneity in Building 4 Toko Sumber Jaya
is applied to the uniformity of shapes that tend to be vertical, namely
rectangular in door and window openings. Proportion is the suitability of the
height and width of the building facade elements to the size of the building
area as a whole (Wijaya et al., 2019) The proportion is obtained from the building area,
namely the suitability of the height and width of the building which is
interpreted in Building 1 Toko Ika. Balance on the facade of the building on
Jalan Pasar Besar Malang is on the facade of Building 5 Toko Sakinah, where the
imaginary line that is formed both vertically and horizontally on the facade of
the building is an asymmetric imaginary line.
Conclusiom
Aspect shaper visual quality
of the facade building on Jalan Pasar Besar Malang
based on perception Public is balance and cohesion .
Aspect shaper facade visual quality The building on
Jalan Pasar Besar Malang is rhythm, coherence, scale,
homogeneity, proportion and balance. Conclusion from study this could noticed
and observed as one effort for create facade visual quality building on Jalan
Pasar Besar Malang with notice aspect shaper visual
quality as perception Public that is balance, cohesiveness and attention aspect
shaper facade visual quality influential building significant to facade visual
quality building that is rhythm, coherence, scale, homogeneity, proportion and
balance.
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