Syntax Literate:
Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p�ISSN: 2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol.
6,
No.
12,
Desember 2021
E-GOVERNMENT
COMMUNICATION STRATEGY: AN ANALYSIS OF POST-PANDEMIC COMMUNITY ATTITUDES AND
ADOPTION
Diryo
Suparto, Saifudin
Universitas
Panca Sakti Tegal, IAIN Salatiga, Indonesia
Email:
[email protected], [email protected]
Abstract
This paper aims to
investigate the factors that influence e-government adoption. This paper examines
the impact of public attitudes on e-government adoption. The sample data used
in this study were 126 respondents from 18 Regencys/cities in Central Java.
SPSS 25 was used to test the significance of the effect of the independent
variable (attitude) on the dependent variable (e-government adoption). SPSS
test results show that attitudes positively and significantly affect
e-government adoption. Public service providers can predict the behavior of
their users through this paper. As for academics, this paper can be used for
further research by integrating attitudes as predictors of adoption behavior.
Empirically this research helps increase understanding of political communication
between government and society through the provision of new technology.
Keywords:
attitude, adoption, e-government
Introduction
The pandemic
has brought many changes in many sectors. One of the significant impacts is on
the level of public health and the financial performance of local governments
in Indonesia (Anas, 2021).
It is difficult to pay debts in other countries, such as Nigeria (Fagbemi, 2021).
Difficulties also occur in Africa, such as food security problems, poverty, and
the distribution of the frequency and pattern of food consumption in African
households (Nchanji et al., 2021).
The pandemic has also changed the socio-cultural order (Kasdi & Saifudin, 2020).
It is feared that it will damage the communication relationship between the
government and the community, especially in the provision of public services.
To overcome
the communication gap, the public sector workforce is asked to work with new
ways of communication. Ministries and agencies must learn how to deliver
technology-based services (OECD, 2020).
The use of the internet network in disseminating information and government
services to the public is often known as e-government or electronic government (UN, 2020).
E-government
seems to be a solution for post-pandemic services, even though the value of the
e-government index in Indonesia does not show a positive trend. Based on data
published by Kominfo in 2016, e-government can be adequately implemented only
in three central provinces: DKI Jakarta, West Java, and East Java. Meanwhile,
Central Java only stayed in seventh place under DIY.
Figure 1
Ranking of Provinces with the Best e-Government
Source:
https://databoks.katadata.co.id/
The graph
above is an interesting phenomenon to be investigated further, considering that
the government's political communication is determined by how well information
can be conveyed to the public. The process runs downwards from government
institutions to citizens, horizontally in relations between political actors,
and upwards from public opinion to authority (Norris, 2001).
E-government
will not be able to work effectively if citizens are still a priori to it.
Public adoption of e-government can only occur when people's attitudes support
the service digitization policy and trust it. Previous research conducted by Abou-Shouk
et al. (2021)
prove that attitude positively affects the adoption new technology. However, it
is different from the results of Bisma's Research (2017),
which establishes the opposite, meaning there are still inconsistencies in previous
studies, so more in-depth analysis is needed.
Based on the
phenomena that occurred and various previous research results above, the
researchers wanted to find out how far the attitude of the people of Central
Java in adopting e-government after the Covid-19 pandemic was. The results of
this study can contribute ideas to the Central Java provincial government in
implementing e-government.
Literature Review
Political Communication
Political
communication can generally be interpreted as a communication process with
political messages. In addition to political messages, political media is
related to the goal of politics itself, namely power (Norris, 2001). In
political communication, several actors or political figures are involved as
communicators or as communicants.
Meanwhile,
suppose political communication is defined by emphasizing the function of the
political system. In that case, communication occurs in a political system and
between the system and its environment (Mueller, 1973).
Mueller defines political communication as a result of a political nature if it
is emphasized on results.
In the
message of political communication to be conveyed by the communicator or
communicant, it does not have to be large-scale or have a profound statement.
For example, when someone comments about a figure as a head of state, provides
support, comments on government policies, and others, it can be categorized as
a political communication process.
Adoption
The
development of the internet and other technologies, such as social media
platforms, has rapidly changed how people communicate. Today's society prefers online
channels rather than traditional ones (Aspasia & Ourania, 2014).
Innovation has changed people's attitudes from conventional to digital choices.
The
innovation-decision process is a process that individuals (or other
decision-making units) go through to move from first knowledge of an innovation
to forming attitudes toward the creation to a decision to adopt or reject an
innovation; this is often known as technology adoption (Rogers, 2003).
There are
five stages of adopting new technology, according to Rogers (2003)
starting from knowledge, persuasion, decision, implementation, and
confirmation. 1) Knowledge, i.e., someone knows about innovation and gains some
understanding of how the innovation functions. 2) Persuasion is the stage that
occurs when the individual has a positive or negative attitude towards the
innovation 3) Decision, namely, at this stage, the individual decides whether
to accept or reject an innovation. 4) Implementation, namely, an innovation is
tried to be carried out at the implementation stage, but an innovation brings
something new if the level of uncertainty is involved in adoption. 5)
Confirmation: When the innovation-decision has been made, the user will seek
support for his decision.
Attitude
Attitude strongly
influences an individual's life because attitude is a way of looking at the
reality of life (Cosgrave, 2016).
That is, the formation of attitudes is an amalgamation of rules on seeing the
reality of life and aspects of life (Saifudin & Puspita, 2020).
The formation
of attitudes begins with two things: the stimulus received and a meaningful
impact (Walther et al., 2011).
Both of these things must be together because the catalyst that is received and
is not accompanied by a significant impact will not be able to form attitudes
on individuals.
At the
individual level, behavioral changes will change, along with changes in
attitudes (Henn et al., 2020).
If attitudes are difficult to change, then the behavior will be difficult to
change. In other words, a change in attitude will cause behavior to change (Saifudin et al., 2020).
People's attitudes play a crucial role in adopting new technologies (Lichtenthaler, 2020).
Hypothesis
Development
In political
communication, consider the public's response to government policies. The
public is asked to use online services for every public need, such as taking
care of information on identity cards, family cards, birth certificates, and so
on. After the Covid-19 pandemic, policymakers unconsciously forced people to
change their traditional attitudes (Cserdi & Kenesei, 2021).
People's
attitudes will play a role in their willingness to use new technology (Kai-ming au & Enderwick, 2000). Many
previous studies have revealed that people's attitudes affect the adoption of
new technologies. Hussein's research (2017)
proves that attitude strongly predicts technology adoption, as analyzed by Setyowati
& Irianto (2020).
Then a hypothesis can be drawn:
|
H10 |
: |
There is no positive effect on
attitudes towards e-government adoption |
|
H1a |
: |
There is a positive influence on
attitudes towards e-government adoption |
Research Method
This study uses an online questionnaire distributed in
18 Regencys/cities in the province of Central Java. The questionnaire was
submitted online using a purposive sampling method. A total of 126 respondents
were selected on the condition that they had to meet two criteria. First, the
respondent is at least 17 years old. Second, the respondent resides in the
province of Central Java. The data regarding the demographics of the
respondents are presented in Table 1.
Table 1
Demographic Information
|
Demographic |
Percentage |
|
Gender
|
|
|
Male |
34.1 |
|
Female |
65.9 |
|
|
|
|
Age |
|
|
20 |
64.3 |
|
21-25 |
32.5 |
|
26-30 |
1.6 |
|
31-35 |
0.8 |
|
36-40 |
0.8 |
|
|
|
|
Last
Education |
|
|
High
School |
82.5 |
|
Diploma |
0.8 |
|
Bachelor |
16.7 |
|
|
|
|
Regency/City |
|
|
Blora Regency |
1.6 |
|
Boyolali Regency |
8.7 |
|
Demak Regency |
11.9 |
|
Grobogan Regency |
4.0 |
|
Jepara Regency |
0.8 |
|
Karanganyar Regency |
0.8 |
|
Kebumen Regency |
0.8 |
|
Kendal Regency |
4.8 |
|
Klaten Regency |
0.8 |
|
Kudus Regency |
1.6 |
|
Magelang Regency |
1.6 |
|
Pati Regency |
1.6 |
|
Pemalang Regency |
0.8 |
|
Purworejo Regency |
0.8 |
|
Semarang Regency |
42.1 |
|
Sragen Regency |
2.4 |
|
Salatiga City |
12.7 |
|
Semarang City |
2.4 |
|
|
|
|
Profession |
|
|
Financial Services |
0.8 |
|
Personal Services |
0.8 |
|
General Services |
0.8 |
|
Health |
0.8 |
|
Manufacturing Sector |
1.6 |
|
Social Work |
0.8 |
|
Field of education |
5.6 |
|
Trade Field |
4.8 |
|
Student |
78.6 |
|
Other |
5.6 |
|
|
|
|
Income per month |
|
|
Less than 2 million |
81.2 |
|
2-4 million |
16.3 |
|
5-7 million |
1.5 |
|
More than 7 million |
1.0 |
Source:
Data processed 2021
Table 1 shows
that the sample in this study consisted of 126 respondents, 65.9% were women,
and 34.1% were men. Meanwhile, according to age, the sample in this study was
dominated by respondents aged 20 years, as much as 64.3%. As for the area of
origin of the respondents, it is pretty diverse, namely from 18 Regencys/cities,
but dominated by respondents from Semarang Regency as much as 42.1%. When
viewed from the last education of the respondents, it is dominated by
respondents with high school education, as much as 82.5%. When viewed from the
job site, the selected respondents were dominated by respondents who were
students as much as 78.6% and had an average income of fewer than 2 million
rupiahs per month, which was 81.2%.
Furthermore,
the questionnaire was prepared to measure respondents' answers by providing
5-point Likert scale answer choices. The Likert scale consists of 1 (strongly
disagree) to 5 (strongly agree).
Validity and
reliability testing was also carried out in this study to test the research
instruments used. The results of the sample adequacy test, validity, and
reliability are presented in Table 2 and Table 3.
Table 2
The result of KMO and Bartlett of Sphericity
|
Testing |
Value |
|
Sample Adequacy KMO |
0.882 |
|
Bartlett of Sphericity |
0.000 |
Source:
Data processed 2021
From the KMO
and Bartlett of Sphericity tests, it can be seen that the KMO value is 0.882,
which means the value is better. While the Bartlett of Spherecity value is
equal to 0.000, which means the test results are significant. From this
validity test, it can be stated that this research instrument is valid.
Table 3
Convergent Validity and Reliability Test
|
Item |
Loading |
|
Attitude
(CR=0.808) |
|
|
I prefer web-based
services over paper-based services |
0.814 |
|
Likes to use the internet
because it does not conflict with beliefs |
0.789 |
|
Don't worry about the
misuse of personal data |
0.823 |
|
Have a positive
attitude towards the internet |
0.781 |
|
Easy to adapt to
changes |
0.767 |
|
Interested in the idea
of using the website in interaction |
0.774 |
|
Using a web-based
service is a good idea |
0.773 |
|
I liked the idea of
using websites on public service providers |
0.768 |
|
|
|
|
E-Government Adoption (CR=0.788) |
|
|
Will interact on
government websites |
0.731 |
|
Do not hesitate to
provide personal information to government websites |
0.791 |
|
Will fetch information
from the government website |
0.765 |
|
I will ask for information
via the government website |
0.735 |
|
Will pay
administration via the government website |
0.749 |
|
We will use the government
website |
0.760 |
Source:
Data Processed 2021
Table 3 describes the instrument's
reliability by showing the results of Cronbach's alpha values. This test shows
that the Cronbach alpha value for the attitude variable is 0.808, and the
e-government adoption variable is 0.788. If you look at the Cronbach alpha that
exceeds 0.60, it can be stated that this research instrument is reliable (Ghozali, 2018).
Result and Discussion
Result
The test used
to prove the hypothesis in this study is a regression test. This test aims to
measure the effect of exogenous variables on endogenous variables. This test
was carried out with the help of the SPSS 25 program.
Table 4
Determinant
Coefficient and Adjusted R Square and Result of t-test and F-test
|
|
AT to AD |
|
Determinant Coefficient and Adjusted R |
|
|
R |
0.575 |
|
R2 |
0.331 |
|
Adjusted
R Square |
0.325 |
|
Standardized Coefficient Beta |
|
|
T |
7.828 |
|
Sig. |
0.000 |
|
Result of F test |
|
|
F |
61.271 |
|
Sig. |
0.000 |
Source:
Data Processed 2021
Hypothesis
testing shows that the R-value is 0.575, the R Square value is 0.331, and the
Adjusted R Square value is 0.325. From the value of R Square, it can be interpreted
that the attitude variable influences 33% of e-government adoption. In other
words, 67% of e-government adoption is influenced by variables other than
attitude, such as convenience, usability, website design, etc.
Attitude has
a positive and significant influence on e-government adoption. It is evident
from the regression test results of 0.331, with a t value of 7.828 with a
significance of 0.000. Furthermore, the results of the F test are 61.271 with a
significance value of 0.000. These results can be interpreted that attitude
affects e-government adoption. The Sig value smaller than 0.05 means that if
the attitude towards society is positive, then e-government adoption will also
increase.
Discussion
Based on the
regression test results above, it can be interpreted that the attitude of the
people of Central Java strongly predicts their adoption behavior towards
e-government. Attitudes are proven to positively and significantly influence
e-government adoption. The results of this study support several previous
studies conducted by Hussein (2017)
and Setyowati & Irianto (2020).
The more
people can adapt to change, the adoption of e-government will be easier and
faster to implement. It is time for the government as a political actor to
disseminate information massively so that the people of Central Java can accept
e-government. If people's attitudes show a positive trend in online services,
then e-government will be well adopted. Political communication can be
propagated through many media and platforms, one of which is the implementation
of institutionalized e-government.
Conclusion
Based on the research
and discussion above results, it can be concluded that attitudes affect the
adoption of e-government in Central Java. The Central Java provincial
government is expected to be able to communicate effectively through the
provision of technology-based services to its people. Political communication
between the government and the community can be reflected through the
implementation of e-government after the Covid-19 pandemic.
Abou-Shouk, M., Gad, H. E., & Abdelhakim, A.
(2021). Exploring customers' attitudes to the adoption of robots in tourism and
hospitality. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Technology, 12(4),
762�776. https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTT-09-2020-0215/FULL/XML Google Scholar
Anas, M. (2021). Impact of Pandemic COVID-19 on Local
Government's Financial Performance in Indonesia. Journal of Southwest
Jiaotong University, 56(3), 196�206.
https://doi.org/10.35741/ISSN.0258-2724.56.3.16 Google Scholar
Aspasia, V., & Ourania, N. (2014). Social Media adoption
and managers' perceptions. International Journal of Strategic Innovative
Marketing, 1, 61�73. https://doi.org/10.15556/IJSIM.01.02.001
Bisma, R. (2017). Faktor Adopsi Layanan E-Government Jenis Layanan
Transaksi. JIEET (Journal of Information Engineering and Educational
Technology), 1(2), 83�88. https://doi.org/10.26740/JIEET.V1N2.P83-88 Google Scholar
Cosgrave, B. (2016). A Question of Attitude. The Furrow,
67(1), 39�43. http://www.jstor.org/stable/24636139
Cserdi, Z., & Kenesei, Z. (2021). Attitudes to forced
adoption of new technologies in public transportation services. Research in
Transportation Business & Management, 41, 100611.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RTBM.2020.100611 Google Scholar
Fagbemi, F. (2021). COVID-19 and sustainable development
goals (SDGs): An appraisal of the emanating effects in Nigeria. Research in
Globalization, 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.RESGLO.2021.100047 Google Scholar
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate Dengan
Program IBM SPSS 25 (9th ed.). Badan Penerbit Undip. Google Scholar
Henn, L., Otto, S., & Kaiser, F. G. (2020). Positive
spillover: The result of attitude change. Journal of Environmental
Psychology, 69, 101429.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101429 Google Scholar
Hussein, Z. (2017). Leading to Intention: The Role of
Attitude in Relation to Technology Acceptance Model in E-Learning. Procedia
Computer Science, 105, 159�164.
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.PROCS.2017.01.196 Google Scholar
Kai-ming au, A., & Enderwick, P. (2000). A cognitive
model on attitude towards technology adoption. Journal of Managerial
Psychology, 15(4), 266�282.
https://doi.org/10.1108/02683940010330957/FULL/XML Google Scholar
Kasdi, A., & Saifudin, S. (2020). Resilience of Muslim
Families in the Pandemic Era : Indonesian Millennial Muslim Community's
Response Against COVID-19. Jurnal Penelitian, 17(1), 81�94.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.28918/jupe.v17i1.2781 Google Scholar
Lichtenthaler, U. (2020). Extremes of acceptance: employee
attitudes toward artificial intelligence. Journal of Business Strategy, 41(5),
39�45. https://doi.org/10.1108/JBS-12-2018-0204 Google Scholar
Mueller, C. (1973). The politics of communication: A study in
the political sociology of language, socialization and legitimation. In Oxford
University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0047404500004899 Google Scholar
Nchanji, E. B., Lutomia, C. K., Chirwa, R., Templer, N.,
Rubyogo, J. C., & Onyango, P. (2021). Immediate impacts of COVID-19
pandemic on bean value chain in selected countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Agricultural
Systems, 188, 103034. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.AGSY.2020.103034 Google Scholar
Norris, P. (2001). Political Communication. International
Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences, 11631�11640.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/04364-3 Google Scholar
OECD. (2020). Public servants and the coronavirus
(COVID-19) pandemic: Emerging responses and initial recommendations.
Oecd.Org.
https://www.oecd.org/coronavirus/policy-responses/public-servants-and-the-coronavirus-covid-19-pandemic-emerging-responses-and-initial-recommendations-253b1277/
Rogers, E. (2003). Review Diffusion of Innovations. In Stanford
University (5th ed.). SIMON & SCHUSTER.
http://web.stanford.edu/class/symbsys205/Diffusion of Innovations.htm
Saifudin, S., & Puspita, R. E. (2020). Predicting the
Intention of Millennial Moslems to Visit Halal Tourism. Equilibrium: Jurnal
Ekonomi Syariah, 8(1), 129�142.
https://doi.org/10.21043/equilibrium.v8i1.7322 Google Scholar
Saifudin, S., Puspita, R., Zuhri, A., Muhlisin, M., &
Mochlasin, M. (2020). Intention to Purchase Halal Cosmetics on Indonesian
Women. The 2nd International Conference of Business, Accounting and
Economics (ICBAE). https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.5-8-2020.2301092 Google Scholar
Setyowati, N., & Irianto, H. (2020). Motivational Factors
to Adopt Social Media Technology in Small Medium Enterprises. Matrik :
Jurnal Manajemen, Strategi Bisnis Dan Kewirausahaan, 10�21.
https://doi.org/10.24843/MATRIK:JMBK.2020.V14.I01.P02 Google Scholar
UN. (2020). United Nations E-Government Survey 2020:
Digital Government in the Decade of Action for Sustainable Development (With
addendum on COVID-19 Response). https://doi.org/10.18356/8BDF045F-EN
Walther, E., Weil, R., & D�sing, J. (2011). The Role of
Evaluative Conditioning in Attitude Formation. Current Directions in
Psychological Science, 20(3), 192�196. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721411408771 Google Scholar
|
Diryo
Suparto, Saifudin (2021) |
|
First publication right: Syntax Literate:
Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia |
|
This article is licensed under:
|
