Syntax Literate: Jurnal Ilmiah Indonesia p–ISSN: 2541-0849 e-ISSN: 2548-1398
Vol. 7, No. 10, Oktober 2022
THE STRATEGY OF
DEFENSE DIPLOMACY IN STRENGTHENING PANCASILA IN FACING TRANSNATIONAL ISLAMIC
IDEOLOGY
Rodon Pedrason
Lektor Universitas Pertahanan,
Indonesia
Email: [email protected]
Abstract
The diversity of ethnicity, culture, ethnicity, religion,
and race makes Indonesia vulnerable to conflict. Thus, a strategy is needed to
minimize conflicts in Indonesia. This study aims to examine the defense
diplomacy strategy in more depth in strengthening Pancasila in the face of
transnational Islamic ideology. This study uses a qualitative approach. Data
was collected using FGD, interviews, and document analysis. Data analysis used
thematic analysis. The results of this study indicate that Indonesia needs to
create a Pancasila diplomacy strategy. Pancasila diplomacy is Indonesia's
diplomatic strategy to achieve national interests in the form of people's
unity, the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and the nation's safety from
the threat of transnational Islamic ideology. Pancasila diplomacy has three
fundamental interests: absolute, urgent, and defense cooperation. The
implication of this research is to support the government, especially the
ministry of defense, in countering transnational Islam, facing the threat of
terrorism, countering threats to national ideology, and creating global peace.
Keywords: Pancasila diplomacy, diplomacy strategy, national interest,
transnational Islam
Introduction
Diplomacy
is the choice of the state as the dominant way to achieve and secure the
interests of the state. Diplomacy implements negotiations between countries
through official representatives. The country itself elects official
representatives without other parties or other countries (Kevany, 2016).
Diplomacy between countries can cover the entire process of foreign relations,
both informing foreign policy and related to its implementation (Aalto et al.,
2017). Through this diplomacy, a country can build an image of itself. In
relations between nations, diplomacy is generally carried out from the
beginning when a country wants to establish bilateral relations with other
countries until they develop further relations (Wilkinson & Wolfson, 2021).
Thus, diplomacy is the primary tool in achieving national interests related to
other countries or international organizations (Neal, 2021). In practice, the
state can use its power sources, including military, economic, political, and
intelligence power. Besides that, negotiation is the essence of diplomacy.
Therefore, victory in negotiations can also be interpreted as a victory in
diplomacy (Ruhe, 2021). Even so, to negotiate well,
the strength of the bargaining position is an important requirement that a
nation must own.
The
essence of diplomacy is the willingness to give and take in
order to achieve mutual understanding between two countries (bilateral)
or several countries (multilateral) (Marinaccio, 2020). Research by Sime (2021)
stated that diplomacy is usually carried out officially between state
governments but can also be carried out informally through informal
institutions or between residents, or between communities from different
countries. Ideally, diplomacy should better understand or agree on a negotiated
issue. In diplomacy, the negotiation technique is needed (Holm, 2020). Of
course, this requires people who are experts in negotiating. In every moment of
diplomacy, Indonesia can achieve the goal of foreign policy or Indonesia's
interests with other countries and the Philippines (Scott, 2019). With
negotiations, methods, or strategies that can be done to achieve good
diplomacy, a country can carry out negotiations and sign agreements. Diplomacy
can also be carried out bilaterally between the two countries or multilateral
diplomacy where several countries are involved in the negotiations (Adamson
& Tsourapas, 2019).
In
carrying out diplomacy, strategy is an important thing to do. Research by
Laksmana (2012) shows an increase in defense diplomacy in Southeast Asia. This
is because they complement each other in carrying out defense diplomacy
strategies. On the other hand, Australia's defense diplomacy strategy shows
diplomatic activities that are not visible by using long-distance
telecommunications cables under the sea (Fernandes, 2021). In addition, China
uses a public diplomacy strategy with social media to carry out a defense
diplomacy strategy through communication (Jia & Li, 2019). On the other
hand, Sharma et al. (2021) explained that bilateral or multilateral energy
diplomacy from Papua New Guinea allows for deeper contributions in other, more
inclusive ways.
Indonesia
places diplomacy as the first line of defense. This is also parallel to
Indonesia's defensive defense doctrine, not offensive (Hoesterey,
2013). This is because Indonesia is committed to implementing world order and
peace. In the Pancasila ideology adopted by Indonesia, it has been stated that
the implementation of order and peace follows the third principle, namely the
unity of Indonesia. Therefore, Indonesia avoids using hard power in dealing
with threats from other countries (Huijgh, 2016).
Based on Iskandar (2016), Pancasila is urged to continue to be actualized and
integrated as a national identity that can inspire the behavior of the nation
and state. Thus, the strategy of defense diplomacy aims to maintain and achieve
national interests that cannot be separated from national power (Winger, 2014).
In addition, the defense diplomacy strategy is also carried out to strengthen
the values of Pancasila in Indonesia. This is because the diversity of
ethnicity, culture, ethnicity, religion, and race makes Indonesia vulnerable to
conflict. Thus, a strategy is needed to minimize conflicts in Indonesia (Bräuchler,
2017; Hasudungan, 2021). The state no longer understands security as only a
threat from other countries and is military. Threats can also arise from
conflicts within the country itself. In the non-traditional understanding of
security, issues developing in security today start from food security, global
warming, and the economy also influence the instability in defense. According
to Facal (2020), One of the conflicts that occur in Indonesia is the issue of
intolerance. Therefore, the state is well aware that a
defense diplomacy strategy is needed that involves state actors (such as
politicians, armed forces or intelligence agencies) and non-governmental
organizations, think tanks, and civil society (Sudarsono et al., 2018). Because, the nationalist philosophy of Pancasila in
Indonesia has become a strong protector in the defense strategy.
The
purpose of this study is to examine the strategy of defense diplomacy in more
depth in strengthening Pancasila in the face of transnational Islamic ideology.
This is because Defense diplomacy has become an important tool in a country's
policy, security, and foreign policy (Gumay et al.,
2018). However, defense diplomacy is also an important tool within the country
itself. The majority of the population in Indonesia
adheres to Islam. In Islam, some teachings prioritize their people to do good
and fair deeds to fellow human beings (Donner, 2015). Tawhid (monotheism) in
Islam emphasizes that only God can be worshiped – not groups, parties, or
schools of thought (Hashi, 2013). It is just that, over time and in different
geographical areas, this basic teaching of love is covered by a lot of
sectarian conflicts (Maarif, 2018). This is undeniable because Indonesia is a
country that has various ethnicities, religions, and races (Mackey &
Dolven, 2021). This study analyzes how peaceful inter-religious life in a
society will be realized if every religious community understands the actual
teachings of their religion. (Fabrycky, 2005). Even though the Indonesian
people are united in the Republic of Indonesia and hold the same principle of
life, namely Pancasila, challenges to the sense of national unity are always
found (Hamayotsu, 2014; Setiawan et al., 2020). The emerging challenge we
currently face is transnational Islamic ideologies (Nashir, 2013; Bashirov,
2018; Hart, 2021).
According
to Suharto (2018), transnational Islamic ideology is a political and cultural
ideology that legitimizes itself with Islam and seeks to spread the teachings
of the supremacy of the Islamic State and Islamic Shari'a to various countries.
Thus, an in-depth analysis is needed to deal with transnational Islamic
ideologies amid the diversity in Indonesia. Therefore, Maarif (2018) said that
the essential problem in this group is not Islam as a religion, but its
cultural and political tendencies that try to disrupt the harmony and unity of
the pluralistic Indonesian nation. For this reason, the strategic steps of
defense diplomacy are important in strengthening Pancasila as the nation's
ideology that can maintain unity in Indonesia. Unfortunately, since the
presence of transnational Islam, Indonesian Muslims have experienced inner
turmoil (Schulze & Liow, 2019). Bruinessen (2014) feared that Indonesia is
not a country that conforms to Islamic teachings, that Pancasila is a product
of local culture, not Islamic culture, and that our laws are infidel laws, not
Islamic law. This needs to be identified as an effort to strengthen Pancasila
in the face of transnational Islamic ideology.
This is a challenge for the Indonesian government, especially the
defense sector (Allen & Barter, 2017).
Based on these social and empirical
facts, through this research, using the perspective of diplomacy strategy and
national interest, the researcher conducts a study related to the appropriate
diplomacy strategy to maintain and strengthen ideological resilience in
Indonesia. In addition, it also analyzes defense diplomacy strategies in
strengthening national interests in facing the threat of disintegration that
comes from transnational Islamic groups.
Methods
This research was structured using a
qualitative approach (Creswell, 2017). This approach is carried out to carry
out the exploration process and understand the condition of defense diplomacy
in Indonesia. In addition, qualitative research was conducted to analyze and
interpret texts and interview results to find defense diplomacy strategies that
can strengthen the country's resilience from the threat of transnational
Islamic groups. Participants in this study were selected using a purposive
sampling technique with the following criteria: understanding defense
diplomacy, being staff of the state intelligence agency and being experts in
defense strategy. Therefore, the number of informants in the study was 15
people (12 men and three women). Of the 15 participants, eight were the state
intelligence agency staff, four were defense diplomacy experts, and three were
defense strategists (see Table 1). The data collection process was carried out
using a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) (Odimegwu, 2000). The FGDs were conducted
to avoid misunderstandings related to defense diplomacy, Pancasila ideology,
and transnational Islam.
Table 1 The Description of Participants
|
No |
Name |
Gender |
Background |
|
1 |
FZ |
Male |
the
state intelligence agency staff more than 15 years old |
|
2 |
SF |
Male |
the
state intelligence agency staff more than 15 years old |
|
3 |
RM |
Male |
defense
diplomacy experts who worked in the University of Defense more than 10 years
old |
|
4 |
AR |
Female |
defense
diplomacy experts who worked as a lecture more than 10 years old |
|
5 |
JA |
Male |
defense
diplomacy experts who worked as a lecture more than 15 years old |
|
6 |
JK |
Male |
defense
diplomacy experts who worked as a lecture more than 15 years old |
|
7 |
FB |
Male |
defense strategists experts who worked as a lecture more than 10
years old |
|
8 |
FA |
Male |
defense strategists experts who worked as a lecture more than 10
years old |
|
9 |
FF |
Female |
defense strategists experts who worked as a lecture more than 10
years old |
|
10 |
RR |
Male |
the
state intelligence agency staff more than 10 years old |
|
11 |
RO |
Female |
the
state intelligence agency staff more than 10 years old |
|
12 |
RD |
Male |
the
state intelligence agency staff more than 10 years old |
|
13 |
AJ |
Male |
the
state intelligence agency staff more than 10 years old |
|
14 |
AM |
Male |
the
state intelligence agency staff more than 15 years old |
|
15 |
AL |
Male |
the
state intelligence agency staff more than 15 years old |
Source:
Research Data (2021)
The FGDs in this study were used as
an initial data collection tool related to the ideology of Pancasila and
Transnational Islam to ten participants. The ten participants were divided into
two groups according to the characteristics of the study. The first group
discussed defense diplomacy and Pancasila ideology (JK, FB, RR, FA, RO). At the
same time, the second group discussed defense diplomacy and transnational
Islamic groups (FF, RD, AJ, AM, AL). The discussion activity lasted for 90
minutes for each group. After transcribing the results of the FGD, the
researcher collected data through in-depth interviews with five participants to
explore information by asking questions that followed the interview guidelines
(Creswell, 2017). Interviews were conducted repeatedly five times with an
intensity of 45-65 minutes for each participant (FZ, SF, RM, AR, JA).
Researchers conducted interviews in the participants' workspace and the canteen
in the office. The interview aims to obtain information related to defense
diplomacy strategies and transnational Islamic groups (see Appendix A). Data
collection through the documentation of the State Intelligence Agency is also
carried out to explore information related to transnational Islam.
Data analysis in this study used
thematic analysis (Bowen, 2009). Researchers identify themes related to the
threat of transnational Islamic ideology, the strategic interest of Pancasila
diplomacy, and the implementation of the strategic policy of Pancasila
diplomacy. Researchers use the results of interviews that have organized the
data well to make it easier to understand. Thus, the analysis was carried out
by recording important and relevant events based on the sequence of events
during the interview process. In order to maintain the
research code of ethics, the names of the participants who conducted the
researcher interviews were withheld (see Table 1).
Overview of
Transnational Islamic Ideological Threats
Based
on FGD group two, there is a threat of transnational Islamic ideology in
Indonesian society. The researcher found that the participants ordered that the
form of intolerance that threatened the Indonesian state was the transnational
Islamic movement. This is clarified by the results of an interview with FZ.
The transnational Islamic movement
is a term that refers to Islamic organizations that move across countries,
where their movements cross the territorial boundaries of each country (FZ,
interview 2021).
In
addition, the results of this discussion found that Islam, as a religion that
is believed to be a revelation, only had one religious
model. These models become diverse as the various interpretations of Islam.
Thus, when the teaching is directed at the wrong interpretation, it will impact
human social life. One of them is the added doctrine of the perfection and
supremacy of Islamic Shari'a (Salvatore, 2018).
The doctrine of the perfection of
Islamic Shari'a then developed into a discussion about the existence of Islamic
politics. There are two camps in the debate on political and state issues in
Islam (SF, interview 2021).
The
results of interviews conducted with SF strengthen the results of the FGD,
which show that Islam is not associated with any form of government. RM added
that, unfortunately, this group that believes in Islamic perfection and the
supremacy of Islam is called Political Islam (Islamiyyun). The research
findings also show that apart from the structural injustice experienced
socially, the doctrinal background and belief system are also the roots of the
reproduction of political Islam movements (FZ, interview 2021). On the other
hand, SF said that the belief in the authenticity and perfection of Islamic
teachings based on the salih generation
of salaf is the ideological basis of the political Islam movement. One of the
characteristics of political Islam is the idea of an Islamic system that
crosses the boundaries of space, time, and geography (FZ, interview 2021). On
this basis, the ideology that carries the teachings of the supremacy of the
Islamic State and Islamic Shari'a is called transnational Islam. However, the
Republic of Indonesia and Pancasila are social contracts that we all agree on
at any time; this social contract can disappear, disappear, and disband (JA,
interview 2021).
The country of Yugoslavia can be an
example for us. It is a modern unitary state which eventually disbanded and
split into smaller states which often continue to fight. This is an important
fact that should warn the Indonesian people not to share the same fate as
Yugoslavia (SF, interview 2021).
The
research findings show that the social contract can disappear if we cannot
carry out a good defense. The example of a country revealed by SF is reflected
on the global political map over the last ten years; Indonesia is a nation
targeted by global political and economic forces. With a very large capital
population, Indonesia is a very promising market for investors and
international traders. Therefore, it is not surprising that threats to national
defense often arise with various conflicts. On the other hand, the results of
the second group discussion show that transnational Islamic ideological groups
view Indonesia as a potential country to be included in their agenda.
Unfortunately, Indonesia has managed to become a bone of contention for market
gainers and transnational Islamic ideologues. In addition, AR added that
Indonesian individuals only become commodities and materials they fight for,
not infrequently. In the eyes of the market economy and transnational Islamic
ideology, the value of a person is not in his humanity but his status as a
potential consumer and ideological sympathizer (AR, interview 2021). At the end
of 2016, the National Resilience Institute (Lemhannas)
reported that the level of resilience of Indonesia's national identity and
ideology was low (BIN,
2017). This means that it is very easy for Indonesian citizens to get caught up
in the seduction of transnational ideologies that invite them to no longer be
loyal to the Republic of Indonesia, Pancasila, and the national interest.
The most basic reason we must care
about the resilience of the Pancasila ideological identity is the fragility of
our national ideology from day to day in the face of transnational Islamic
ideology (FZ, interview 2021).
The
results of the interview add data that faced with this phenomenon, psychologically,
the Indonesian Muslim community cannot run away from confusion. In addition, SF
and FZ shared their experiences of conducting interviews with several terrorist
prisoners. We find that their motivation for carrying out bombings, killings,
terrorizing, or joining ISIS and Jamaah Islamiyah, is due to a deep belief that
Islamic identity is contrary to Indonesian identity. What is also often taken less
seriously by us is that such ideological and psychological beliefs do not exist
without an evolutionary and accumulative process. Research of the National
Counter-Terrorism Agency
(BNPT) shows that schools, madrasas, Islamic boarding schools,
and universities are strategic places where transnational Islamic ideology can
be propagated, which calls for the first allegiance to Islam, Islamic State,
and Islamic Shari'a.
The Strategic Interest of Pancasila Diplomacy
After
realizing the real and urgent threat from the transnational Islamic ideology,
as described above, the Indonesian state needs to develop a strategy to deal
with this threat. By using the perspective of diplomacy strategy and national
interest) this research seeks to map out an appropriate diplomatic strategy.
The results of the first group discussion showed the same conclusion regarding
the meaning of diplomacy, namely the method used by a country in cooperating
with other countries and parties to achieve its national interests. The results
of interviews conducted by JA explained that in the context of the threat of
transnational Islam, our national interests that will be defended by diplomacy
are national unity, the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and
the safety of citizens. Therefore, a country will establish cooperative
relations with relevant parties in diplomacy.
I thought diplomacy carried out by
Indonesia should cooperate with friendly countries, regionally and globally, to
protect the country from the penetration of transnational Islam. Likewise,
through international cooperation institutions, such as ASEAN, the OIC, and the
United Nations, Indonesia must fight for its national interests (AR, interview
2021). Indonesia's national interest, in essence, is the desire to maintain the
uprightness and immortality of the Republic of Indonesia, which is based on
Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution (SF, interview 2021)
Thus,
maintaining the Republic of Indonesia will ensure the smooth running of
national development and the security of national life to realize the national
interest. Three prerequisites must be met: the order of life, efforts to
achieve goals, and the means used. Research of Huda (2018) added that The way of life of the Indonesian people comes from the
values and beliefs of life based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution as a
social contract, which is carried out with a belief in God Almighty and
respects the reality of diversity by maintaining social harmony. Meanwhile, the
group one discussion results show that national development works
and efforts are carried out to achieve national interests. This effort is
carried out sustainably, with an environmental perspective, and based on the
attitude of the Archipelago Insight (the belief that the territory of the
homeland of Indonesia is an area that must be protected and defended).
Moreover, the means used to realize the national goals above are all national
potentials and resources (natural, material, and social) used in a holistic and
integrated manner (Gindarsah, 2016). In facing the threat of national
disintegration originating from transnational Islamic ideology, Indonesia needs
a type of diplomacy strategy that specifically pays attention to the resilience
of the Pancasila ideology (AR, Interview Results 2021).
In
other words, the interview results show that the need for a diplomatic strategy
is important for the Indonesian state. This is what participants in Pancasila
diplomacy call. The purpose of implementing Pancasila diplomacy is to meet the
demands of the national interest in the form of upholding the Republic of
Indonesia and preserving national unity based on Pancasila (FZ, 2021 Interview
Results). Based on the results of the FGD, the Pancasila diplomacy function is
an important strategy to maintain and protect the sovereignty of the state, the
territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, national unity, and the
safety of the entire nation from the threat of transnational Islamic ideology.
The main interests of Pancasila
diplomacy are those related to world peace and national, regional, and global
stability. The strategic environment in implementing the Pancasila diplomacy
action is national, regional, and global in all its dynamics. The awareness of
Pancasila diplomacy arises because Indonesia cannot be separated from the
abundance of conflicts that occur in the world (RM, interview 2021).
Therefore,
Pancasila diplomacy was born, which guarantees Indonesia always to take an
active role together with other nations through dignified efforts in realizing
world peace and global, regional, and national security from the severe threats
of transnational Islam. The results of the first group discussion concluded
that Pancasila diplomacy is a new diplomatic strategy (new diplomacy) that has
a core in diplomatic activities that are limited to formal relations between
countries and between governments but begin to involve non-state non-state
actors. Government, such as NGOs, non-governmental organizations, mass
organizations, civil society, transnational companies, the media, and civil
society. In other words, In the Pancasila diplomacy strategy, diplomatic activities
are not solely the responsibility of diplomatic representatives, the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, or heads of government but are also supported and
implemented by non-state actors to maximize diplomatic efforts. SF adds that
the perspective used by Pancasila diplomacy is the perspective of multi-path
diplomacy, which combines government and non-government channels which are
considered to have great capabilities in supporting the achievement of
Indonesia's national and foreign interests.
These
findings are reinforced by the statements of AR, JA, and RM that Pancasila
diplomacy is carried out to realize the national interest. The strategic
importance of Pancasila diplomacy is part of the national interest in ensuring
the eternal establishment of the Republic of Indonesia with all its interests.
Pancasila diplomacy has a role and function to defend the existence of the
Indonesian nation from any threats and disturbances. Based on the estimated
threat from transnational Islam to Indonesia's national interests, the
strategic interests of Pancasila diplomacy can be categorized into absolute
strategic interests, urgent strategic interests, and strategic interests in the
field of defense and security cooperation. The strategic importance of
Pancasila diplomacy, which is absolute, is the realization of unified diplomacy
to maintain and protect sovereignty. This strategic interest is achieved
through efforts to build and foster the resilience of the Pancasila ideology.
According
to Bourchier (2019), fostering national ideological resilience is a form of
proving the honor and dignity of the Indonesian nation as an independent and
sovereign nation to align itself with other nations, states, and ideologies in
the world. In carrying out the absolute interests of Pancasila diplomacy, the
Indonesian nation always holds the principle as a nation that fights for global
peace but still prioritizes its sovereignty and national unity. The principle
of maintaining global peace is manifested in free and active international
relations and coexistence with other countries. Therefore, to ensure the
implementation of absolute interests, the implementation of Pancasila diplomacy
is carried out through the universal diplomacy system, which involves all
elements of the nation and social resources and national facilities and
infrastructure as a unity of Pancasila resilience.
The participation of people in
national diplomacy is positioned in the context of the rights and obligations
of the 1945 Constitution. Which is reflects the honor of this nation as an
independent, united, and sovereign nation. It is confident in its abilities
(RM, Interview 2021). In my opinion, the potential for national division
carried out by transnational Islam requires the readiness of diplomatic powers
to prevent and deal with it quickly and appropriately (JA, interview 2021).
These
findings indicate that the threat of disintegration, division, social conflict,
and civil war due to transnational Islamic infiltration must immediately
receive serious attention. For this reason, the superiority of the strength of
the Pancasila national ideology, which is cored in the Pancasila diplomacy
process, must be carried out to provide maximum repercussions for any
transnational Islamic ideological efforts that disrupt Indonesia's national
stability and security.
Implementation of the Strategic Policy of Pancasila
Diplomacy
The
results of group discussions one and two show that Pancasila diplomacy aims to
maintain and protect national unity, the integrity of the Republic of
Indonesia, and the safety of the Indonesian nation from all forms of
disintegration threats originating from the penetration of transnational
Islamic ideology. Meanwhile, JA explained that to achieve this goal, the
Pancasila diplomacy strategy is implemented with the universal diplomacy
system, which combines diplomacy in a government-to-government cooperation with
other broader fields and more diverse actors, as a unified national diplomacy
system that is universally independent. The independent management of Pancasila
diplomacy starts from the attitude of the Indonesian people, who are confident
in their national ideology and want to embrace other countries to create global
peace and protect them from the threat of transnational Islam (AR, interview
2021).
I thought four interrelated
strategic objectives had been set to implement Pancasila diplomacy in
protecting national unity, the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and the
nation's safety (JA, interview 2021).
The
interview results show that the vital and absolute national interest of
Indonesia is to maintain the integrity of the Republic of Indonesia based on
Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. In realizing these
national interests, Indonesia's diplomacy is carried out to ward off and
prevent all forms of threats from the penetration of transnational Islam.
Global conditions that various
transnational Islamic ideologies have infiltrated require the Indonesian people
to prioritize deterrence and prevention. The conception of deterrence in
Pancasila diplomacy is built and implemented with the universal diplomacy
system, which combines government-to-government diplomacy with actors outside
the government (RM, interview 2021). As a unified whole and comprehensive
diplomacy. The application of Indonesia's deterrence to transnational Islamic
ideology is realized by building the ideological strength of Pancasila and the
unity of the Republic of Indonesia as a solid and dynamic figure of national
ideological strength, which is respected by the whole world (SF, interview
2021).
Based
on the interview RM and SF described that for the Indonesian people, the
greatest spectrum of threats to the integrity of the state is acts of violence
in the form of terrorism using armed force carried out by several transnational
Islamic groups that directly and openly endanger state sovereignty, national
unity, territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of
life and property of all citizens. As an independent and sovereign nation,
Indonesia must not allow itself to be threatened, intimidated, and attacked by
transnational Islamic radicals.
Discussion
This
study concludes that the strategic
importance of Pancasila diplomacy, which is urgent, is a continuation and
logical consequence of absolute interests. In absolute terms, this nation needs
to strengthen the Pancasila ideology to maintain its national unity. Moreover,
the need is urgently increasingly felt with the emergence of threats and
dangers of disintegration triggered by transnational Islamic ideology. The real
danger brought by transnational Islam requires the awareness of all elements of
the nation to participate, feel the obligation and demonstrate a commitment to
safeguarding the national interest. Indirectly, this commitment to protect
national unity is related to Indonesia's commitment to a free and active
foreign policy to create regional and global peace(Pesurnay,
2018). From the dynamics of Indonesia's interaction with other nations and the
implications of geostrategic developments, global, regional, and national
security conditions are formed that are full of turmoil and uncertainty. At the
same time, there is the threat of national disintegration from transnational
Islamic groups, which requires an immediate response from the diplomatic
function. This research shows that the function of state diplomacy must realize
that the threat of disintegration and division of the nation must be addressed
immediately so that it does not develop into a major threat, which can disrupt
the existence and interests of the Republic of Indonesia(Grayman,
2016).
In
line with Nakissa (2020), the mainstreaming of Islamic moderation and the
prevention of terrorism must continue. Transnational Islamic ideology and
terrorism crimes in the name of Islam have threatened the unity of our nation
and harmed national security, and reduced
international trust in Indonesia's geopolitics. This study shows that various
efforts across departments and ministries in an integrated manner must continue
to be developed to improve national identity and the spirit of defending the
country and the real capability of Pancasila ideology resilience which is
supported by the conditions of a democratic, participatory, and dynamic
Indonesian society. Non-military and ideological threats from transnational
Islam are closely related to our national stability, so it is fundamental to be
placed as one of the main priorities of Pancasila diplomacy targets.
A
safe and peaceful world and a stable regional environment are Indonesia's
national interests that are being fought for at all times.
Indonesia cannot live in a global and regional environment filled with conflict
(Viartasiwi, 2018). The threat of conflict currently comes from several
transnational Islamic groups. As a country with a strong commitment to creating
lasting peace, Indonesia must actively participate with regional and
neighboring countries in facing the penetration of transnational Islam.
Indonesia's activity is a national commitment to maintain world order based on
independence, eternal peace, and social justice. Besides that, this study gave
the alternative of the strategy in defense diplomacy by holding Pancasila
Diplomacy. Indonesia will develop state defense cooperation with other
countries as a forum for jointly promoting the Indonesian government's steps in
realizing world peace and regional and global stability based on the values
of Pancasila.
In
addition, this study illustrates that National ideological resilience and
national unity are held based on belief in one's strength. Indonesia does not
rely on the safety of its country and nation to other countries. Therefore, in line
with Pesurnay (2018), in the Pancasila diplomacy strategy to strengthen
national ideological resilience, deter and prevent potential threats from
transnational Islam becomes the focus and priority. Thus, the results of this
study strengthen that the Pancasila diplomacy strategy is held with the
universal diplomacy system by prioritizing deterrence capabilities that rely on
the power of government-to-government diplomacy and are supported by all
Indonesian people(Gindarsah, 2015). Therefore, the
implementation of Pancasila diplomacy aims to protect national interests and
national unity. In dealing with it, an effective diplomatic strategy is needed
to protect the Republic of Indonesia with all its interests (Facal, 2020).
Indonesia
will always prioritize diplomatic efforts, negotiations, and cooperation
between countries in building a national defense against ideological threats
and armed threats from transnational Islam(Gumay et
al., 2018). The national commitment that underlies Indonesia's diplomatic
stance in the national interest to maintain the country's sovereignty,
territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and national unity will not
allow transnational Islamic groups to move freely. In the face of the threat of
transnational Islam, Indonesia will develop a free and active Pancasila
diplomacy strategy. Freedom in Pancasila diplomacy is realized through efforts
to prevent armed radicalism with political, social, and cultural approaches.
Therefore, this study, in line with Anton et al. ( 2021),
diplomacy as the front line of national ideological resilience and unity, is a
modality that is effectively developed to prevent the entry of transnational
Islamic ideologies and the growth of their followers in Indonesia.
One
of the threats to the resilience of national ideology and national unity is the
threat that has an ideological dimension from transnational Islam. Efforts to
deal with or counteract this threat are through appropriate and intensive
political policies and measures to prevent the spread of the influence of other
ideologies on the Pancasila ideology, and the concept of handling it can be
placed within the framework of efforts to defend the state(Nanda
et al., 2019). The results of this study indicate the defense diplomacy
strategy carried out by the government in strengthening Pancasila such as the
departments and government elements in charge of foreign policy mobilize their
staff spread across every country to strengthen diplomatic steps and efforts in
countering the efforts of other parties that threaten the Pancasila ideology.
The government element in charge of information and communication dynamics is
the national power in the information sector to carry out counter-narrative
operations. The government element in charge of education provides teaching and
awareness of the Pancasila ideology in stages and continues to students and
students at all levels and levels of education(Huda,
2018). The government element in charge of religion empowers religious leaders
to become government partners in synergizing strategies to fortify society from
the threat of penetration of transnational Islamic ideology that endangers and
destroys the harmony of national national unity and endangers state security(Susilo & Dalimunthe, 2019).
The
results of this study also analyze that the strategic importance of Pancasila
diplomacy, which is urgent, is also directed at preventing and handling threats
and disturbances with ideological and security dimensions. Regarding these
security issues, the implementation of diplomacy prioritizes the function of
prevention. However, preparedness must still be built to be moved to the right
place and target(Scott, 2019).
Although
Indonesia develops an independent national defense not to rely its defense
interests on other countries, it still adheres to establishing relations with
other countries through defense cooperation. This is due to strengthening Pancasila
in the face of transnational Islamic ideology. As a country that fights for
lasting peace, Indonesia will continue to develop diplomatic relations with
other countries worldwide. Indonesia's interests in the field of defense
cooperation with other countries in the future are increasingly important to
increase, along with the spread of transnational Islamic ideology, regionally
and globally, which requires joint handling(Burchill,
2005). Indonesia can demonstrate a defense diplomacy strategy by using
Pancasila diplomacy to deal with transnational Islamic ideologies that threaten
the country's integrity. Law No. 3 of 2002 concerning national defense in the
Republic of Indonesia stated that national defense is based on the Indonesian
people's philosophy and way of life to ensure and maintain the establishment of
the unitary state based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. From this
statement, three things that must be maintained are the sovereignty of the
state, the territorial integrity of the Republic of Indonesia, and the nation's
safety, and these are vital interests for the Indonesian nation. To carry out
this defense, Indonesia decided to use a deterrence strategy. However, a
deterrence strategy alone is not enough for the threat of intolerance.
Apart
from particular diplomacy in the government to government
scheme, efforts to maintain national ideological resilience and national unity
in the face of transnational Islamic penetration are also carried out with a
universal diplomatic approach. Realizing
that terrorism has an international network, Indonesia must cooperate with
other countries to deal with the problem of terrorism. This cooperation is
manifested in exchanging intelligence information, developing security
capabilities, and holding meetings to discuss the development of the threat of
transnational Islamic terrorism and steps to overcome it. Handling the threat
of terrorism (including those coming from transnational Islam) is part of the
Indonesian army duties as mandated by Law no. 34 of 2004 concerning the
Indonesian National Army. The Indonesian army carries out this task with a
preventive and coercive approach. Handling a preventive pattern is prioritized
by intensifying the intelligence function and using special units prepared as a
responsive force.
In
the regional scope, Indonesia's defense interests are the realization of the
Southeast Asia region as a safe and stable region from the threat of
transnational Islamic religious radicalism and as an area free from conflicts
among fellow members of the region. This is because the defense diplomacy
strategy uses three Pancasila diplomacy strategies in dealing with the
conflict. Thus, the results of this study indicate that in this regional scope,
Indonesia encourages every joint effort to make a solid and united entity in
facing the threat of transnational Islam (Arifin & Rohmah, 2019; Hart,
2021).
Conclusion
In
a broader scope, Indonesia places the security of the surrounding area as an
inseparable part of Indonesia's defense interests as a whole
from the infiltration of transnational Islamic ideologies. Indonesia
will not live a peaceful life if there is a conflict of religious radicalism in
the surrounding area. At any time, the conflict can spread to Indonesia because
the surrounding areas that are not safe and stable always drain the waste of
security and disintegration issues, either directly or indirectly.
Geographically, Indonesia is side by side with several countries, both fellow
ASEAN members and outside ASEAN. In terms of interests, because of our
geographical position bordering the territory of Indonesia, we must also
prioritize the stability and security of our neighboring countries
This study concludes in the form of
recommendations to all elements of the nation and government to create the
right diplomatic strategy to deal with the threat of transnational Islamic
ideology. For that purpose, we offer a concept of Pancasila Diplomacy. The function of Pancasila diplomacy
in dealing with the threat of armed radicalism places the Indonesian army and
police as the main components. A multi-layered diplomacy strategy can meet the
threat of armed radicalism originating from several transnational Islamic
groups to undermine Indonesia's security and unity. Although the Indonesian
army and police are the main components of deterrence against armed threats, in
facing the negative potential of transnational Islamic radicalism,
cross-departmental and inter-ministerial diplomacy and non-government diplomacy
remain the options in the first tier much as possible prevent the emergence of
perpetrators of armed radicalism.
From the perspective of diplomacy
strategy and national interest, Pancasila diplomacy is an Indonesian diplomacy
strategy to achieve national interests in the form of people's unity, the
integrity of the Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia, and the safety of
the nation from direct or indirect threats from transnational Islamic ideology.
Pancasila diplomacy has three basic interests: absolute interests, urgent
interests, and defense cooperation interests. It also has four goals,
countering transnational Islam, facing the threat of terrorism, countering
threats to national ideology, and creating global peace. In its implementation,
Pancasila diplomacy is carried out through three layers of diplomatic elements:
universal and defense diplomacy. The implementation of Pancasila diplomacy also
consists of three strategic steps: (1) dealing with transnational Islamic
terrorism threats, (2) dealing with transnational Islamic ideological threats,
(3) organizing the internationalization of Pancasila.
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