Konsekuensi Pertambangan terhadap Krisis Sosio-Ekologis di Wilayah Teluk Kao
Abstract
Pertambangan emas telah menjadi salah satu aktivitas ekstraktif yang paling berpengaruh terhadap perubahan relasi antara manusia dan lingkungan alam, dengan konsekuensi sosio-ekologis yang luas dan kompleks. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis konsekuensi pertambangan emas terhadap krisis sosio-ekologis di wilayah Teluk Kao, Pulau Halmahera, Maluku Utara, dengan menggunakan kerangka teori metabolic rift. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus, melalui observasi partisipan, wawancara mendalam dengan masyarakat terdampak, tokoh adat, pekerja tambang, dan pemangku kepentingan terkait, serta analisis data sekunder dari laporan dan literatur relevan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aktivitas pertambangan emas, baik skala besar maupun skala kecil, telah memicu deforestasi masif, degradasi tanah dan lahan, serta kontaminasi toksik yang berdampak langsung pada keberlanjutan fungsi layanan ekologi. Kerusakan tersebut berkontribusi terhadap menurunnya ketahanan pangan lokal, hilangnya akses masyarakat terhadap tanah, hutan, sungai, dan laut sebagai basis produksi, serta meningkatnya kerentanan sosial dan ancaman keselamatan manusia. Analisis metabolic rift menunjukkan bahwa pertambangan emas menciptakan keretakan mendasar dalam metabolisme antara masyarakat dan alam, yang bersifat struktural dan sulit dipulihkan. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa praktik pertambangan yang beroperasi dalam logika ekonomi dominan tidak sejalan dengan prinsip keberlanjutan sosio-ekologis. Artikel ini berkontribusi pada penguatan kritik sosial-ekologis terhadap industri pertambangan serta mendorong perlunya pendekatan kebijakan dan tata kelola pertambangan yang berorientasi pada keberlanjutan dan keadilan ekologis.
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