Tantangan Regulasi Artificial Intelligence (AI) Voice Cloning: Analisis Komparatif Kebijakan HKI dan Hak Moral di Indonesia dan Singapura
Abstract
Perkembangan teknologi kecerdasan buatan, khususnya voice cloning, menimbulkan tantangan baru dalam menentukan status kepemilikan dan perlindungan hukum terhadap suara manusia sebagai bagian dari identitas individu. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbandingan kerangka hukum di Indonesia dan Singapura dalam mengatur perlindungan suara manusia, serta mengidentifikasi kesenjangan normatif dan struktural yang ada. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan dan komparatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia masih terikat pada paradigma hukum tradisional berbasis prinsip fiksasi dalam rezim hak cipta, sehingga suara belum memperoleh perlindungan hukum sebelum diwujudkan dalam bentuk rekaman. Meskipun telah diakui sebagai data biometrik dalam Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi, perlindungan tersebut belum terintegrasi secara efektif dengan rezim kekayaan intelektual, sehingga bersifat parsial dan reaktif. Selain itu, ketiadaan pengakuan terhadap hak personalitas serta ketergantungan pada mekanisme perbuatan melawan hukum memperlemah posisi hukum individu dalam menghadapi penyalahgunaan teknologi AI. Sebaliknya, Singapura menunjukkan pendekatan yang lebih adaptif melalui integrasi antara Copyright Act 2021, Personal Data Protection Act (PDPA), serta kerangka tata kelola AI yang komprehensif. Pengaturan seperti pengecualian Computational Data Analysis (CDA) memberikan kepastian hukum bagi pengembangan AI sekaligus menjaga perlindungan hak individu melalui prinsip persetujuan dan pembatasan tujuan. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa Indonesia memerlukan reformasi hukum yang integratif, meliputi pengakuan suara sebagai bagian dari hak personalitas, pembaruan rezim hak cipta, penguatan implementasi perlindungan data pribadi, serta pengembangan mekanisme preventif seperti transparansi dan audit teknologi. Reformasi tersebut penting untuk menjamin perlindungan martabat dan nilai ekonomi suara manusia di tengah pesatnya perkembangan teknologi kecerdasan buatan.
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